初三英語語法總結與複習(人教版)

1.不定代詞(some any,all both,either neither,no none,each every,many much,few little的區別與聯繫)
不定代詞包括:
all ,both,either,neither,any,all,none,ev both, every, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another, other, some, any , one, no
以及some, something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody,


no one, none, everybody, everyone.等.

2.不定代詞用法為:(☆☆☆☆☆重要考點)
不定代詞+(of +限定詞)+名詞
注意:of後一定要有限定詞!!這是both,either,neither,any,all,none,ev託福語法中的both,either,neither,any,all,none,ev重要考點both, all可以直接接限定詞the!
3.all與both的用法
1) all都,指三者以上both,either,neither,any,all,none,ev.both都,指兩者
2) all的主謂一致:all的單複數由它所修飾或指代的名詞的單複數決定.
both與複數動詞連用,但both...and...可與單數名詞連用與.
All goes well.一切進展得很好.
3) all通常不與可數名詞單數連用,如:不說all the book,而說the whole book.
但all可與表時間的可數名詞單數連用,如all day,all night,all the year;但習慣上不說all hour,all century.
all還可以與一些特殊的單數名詞連用,如all China,all the city,all my life,all the way.
4)both, all都可作同位語,其位置在行為動詞前,be動詞之後.如果助動詞或情態動詞後面的實義動詞省去,則位於助動詞或情態動詞之前.
Who can speak Japanese We both (all) can.
5) all/any/none
all (所有的,全部的人或物),any (任何一個),none (都不).以上詞使用範圍為三者以上.
All the flowers are gone.所有的花都謝了.
I don't like any of the flowers.這些花我都不喜歡.
I like none of the flowers.這些花我都不喜歡.
注意:all與none用法一樣.跟單數名詞,用單數動詞;跟複數名詞,用複數動詞.

All of the students are there.所有的學生都在那.
All (of) the milk is there.所有的牛奶都在那.
3.every和each的用法(☆☆☆重要考點)
1)every強調全體的概念,each強調個體概念.
Every student in our school works hard.我們學校的學生都很用功.
Each student may have one book..每個學生都可有一本書.
2)every指三個以上的人或物(含三個),each指兩個以上的人或物(含兩個).
3)every只作形容詞,不可單獨使用.each可作代詞或形容詞.
Every student has to take one.
Each boy has to take one.
Each of the boys has to take one.
4)every不可以作狀語,each可作狀語.
5)every有反覆重複的意思,如every two weeks等;each沒有.
6)every與not連用,表示部分否定;each和not連用表示全部否定.
Every man is not honest.並非每個人都誠實.
Each man is not honest.這兒每個人都不誠實.
4.neither與nor的用法
1)如前句是否定式從句,則主句用neither,而不用nor.
If you don't do it,neither should I.如果你不幹,我也不幹.
2)如後連續有幾個否定句式,則用nor,不用neither.
He can't sing,nor dance,nor skate.
5.代詞比較one,that和it(☆☆☆重要考點)
1)one表示泛指,that和it表示特指.that與所指名詞為同類,但不是同一個,而it與所指名詞為同一個.
I can't find my hat. I think I must buy one.(不定)
我找不到我的帽子了.我想我該去買一頂.

The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.(同類但不同個)你買的那頂帽子比我買的大.
I can't find my hat. I don' t know where I put it.(同一物)我找不到我的帽子.我不知道我把它放在哪了
6.one/another/the other的用法
one...the other只有兩個
some...the others有三個以上
one...another,another...
some...others,others...
others = other people/things
the others = the rest剩餘的全部
1)泛指另一個用another.
2)一定範圍內兩人(物),一個用one,另一個用the other.
3)一定範圍內三者,一個用one,另一個用one (another),第三個可用the other,a third.
4)一定範圍內,除去一部分人/物,剩餘的全部用the others.
5)泛指別的人或物時,用others當在一定範圍內,除去一部分後,剩餘部分但不是全部時,也用others.
7.anyone/any one;no one/none的用法
1) anyone和any one
anyone僅指人,any one既可指人,也可指物.
2) no one和none
a)none後跟of短語,既可指人又可指物,而no one只單獨使用,只指人.
b)none作主語,謂語動詞用單,複數均可,而no one作主語謂語動詞只能是單數.
None of you could lift it.你們中沒有人可舉起它.
---- Did any one call me up just now --剛才有人打電話給我嗎
---- No one.--沒有.
8. few, little, a few, a little的用法
1)(a) few +可數名詞, (a) little +不可數名詞
2)a few / a little為肯定含義,還有一點

3)few / little為否定含義,沒有多少了.
He has a few friends.他有幾個朋友.
He has few friends.他幾乎沒有朋友.
We still have a little time.我們還有點時間.
There is little time left.幾乎沒剩下什麼時間了.
4)固定搭配:
only a few (=few)not a few (=many)quite a few (=many)
many a (=many)
Many books were sold.
Many a book was sold.
賣出了許多書.
9many, much的用法
Many,much都意為"許多",many +可數名詞,much +不可數名詞.
How many people are there at the meeting
How much time has we left
Many of the workers were at the meeting.
Much of the time was spent on learning2.時態、 一般現在時:
1.概念:經常、反覆發生的動作或行為及現在的某種狀況。
2.時間狀語: always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month...), once a week, on Sundays,
3.基本結構:動詞 原形 (如主語為第三人稱單數,動詞上要改為第三人稱單數形式)
4.否定形式:am/is/are+not;此時態的謂語動詞若為行為動詞,則在其前加don't,如主語為第三人稱單數,則用doesn't,同時還原行為動詞。
5.一般疑問句:把be動詞放於句首;用助動詞do提問,如主語為第三人稱單數,則用does,同時,還原行為動詞。
6.例句:. It seldom snows here.
He is always ready to help others.
Action speaks louder than words.

二、 一般過去時:

1.概念:過去某個時間裡發生的動作或狀態;過去習慣性、經常性的動作、行為。
2.時間狀語:ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week,last(year, night, month...), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.
3.基本結構:be動詞;行為動詞 的過去式
4.否定形式:was/were+not;在行為動詞前加didn't,同時還原行為動詞。
5.一般疑問句:was或were放於句首;用助動詞do的過去式did 提問,同時還原行為動詞。
6.例句:She often came to help us in those days.
I didn't know you were so busy.

三、 現在進行時:
1.概念:表示現階段或說話時正在進行的動作及行為。
2.時間狀語:now, at this time, these days, etc.
3.基本結構:am/is/are+doing
4.否定形式:am/is/are+not+doing.
5.一般疑問句:把be動詞放於句首。
6.例句: How are you feeling today?
He is doing well in his lessons.

四、 過去進行時:
1.概念:表示過去某段時間或某一時刻正在發生或進行的行為或動作。
2.時間狀語:at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引導的謂語動詞是一般過去時的時間狀語等。
3.基本結構:was/were+doing
4.否定形式:was/were + not + doing.
5.一般疑問句:把was或were放於句首。
6.例句:At that time she was working in a PLA unit.

When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.

五、 現在完成時:
1.概念:過去發生或已經完成的動作對現在造成的影響或結果,或從過去已經開始,持續到現在的動作或狀態。
2.時間狀語:recently, lately, since...for...,in the past few years, etc.
3.基本結構:have/has + done
4.否定形式:have/has + not +done.
5.一般疑問句:have或has。
6.例句:I've written an article.
The countryside has changed a lot in the past few years.

六、 過去完成時:
1.概念:以過去某個時間為標準,在此以前發生的動作或行為,或在過去某動作之前完成的行為,即"過去的過去"。
2.時間狀語:before, by the end of last year(term, month...),etc.
3.基本結構:had + done.
4.否定形式:had + not + done.
5.一般疑問句:had放於句首。
6.例句:As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.
By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books

七、 一般將來時:
1.概念:表示將要發生的動作或存在的狀態及打算、計劃或準備做某事。
2.時間狀語:tomorrow, next day(week, month, year...),soon, in a few minutes, by...,the day after tomorrow, etc.
3.基本結構:am/is/are/going to + do;will/shall + do.
4.否定形式:was/were + not; 在行為動詞前加didn't,同時還原行為動詞。
5.一般疑問句:be放於句首;will/shall提到句首。

6.例句:They are going to have a competition with us in studies.
It is going to rain.

八、 過去將來時:
1.概念:立足於過去某一時刻,從過去看將來,常用於賓語從句中。
2.時間狀語:the next day(morning, year...),the following month(week...),etc.
3.基本結構:was/were/going to + do;would/should + do.
4.否定形式:was/were/not + going to + do;would/should + not + do.
5.一般疑問句:was或were放於句首;would/should 提到句首。
6.例句:He said he would go to Beijing the next day.
I asked who was going there .
九.將來完成時:
1.概念:在將來某一時刻之前開始的動作或狀態
2.時間狀語:by the time of;by the end of+時間短語(將來);by the time+從句(將來)
3.基本結構:be going to/will/shall + have done

十.現在完成進行時:
1.概念:在過去某一時刻之前開始的動作或狀態一直持續到說話為止
2.基本結構:have/has +been+doing
幾種常見時態的相互轉換
英語中的幾種時態在一定情況下可以互相轉換,以下是幾種常見的轉換形式:
十一、 一般過去時與現在完成時的轉換

在現在完成時中,延續性動詞能與表示一段時間的狀語連用,瞬間動詞卻不能。但是,可用別的表達方式:①瞬間動詞用於"一段時間 + ago"的一般過去時的句型中;②瞬間動詞可改成與之相對應的延續性動詞及短語,與一段時間連用;③瞬間動詞用於"It is + 一段時間 + since + 一般過去時"的句型中,表示"自從......以來有......時間"的意思,主句一般用it is來代替It has been;④瞬間動詞用於"Some time has passed since + 一般過去時"的句型中。請看:

A. He joined the League two years ago.
B. He has been in the League for two years.
C. It is two years since he joined the League.
D. Two years has passed since he joined the League.
十二、 一般現在時與現在進行時的轉換

在一般現在時中,at加上名詞表示"處於某種狀態",如at work(在工作), at school(上學、上課)等。此短語可與進行時態轉換。請看:
Peter is at work, but Mike is at play.
Peter is working, but Mike is playing.
十三、 現在進行時與一般將來時的轉換

在現在進行時態中go, come, leave, start, arrive等動詞常與表示將來的時間狀語連用表示將要發生的動作。如:I am coming, Mum! 意為"我就來,媽媽!"請看:
The train is leaving soon.
The train will leave soon.
3.賓語從句(3種)
賓語從句是英語複合句中的其中非常重要的從句之一。它是用一個句子做另一個句子的賓語,將這個句子叫做賓語從句。賓語從句做介詞或及物動詞的賓語。現在從下列三個方面總結歸納如下:
  一,引導詞
  A,由that 引導的陳述句性的賓語從句,在很多動詞如say, think, wish , hope, see, believe, agree, expect, hear , feel等動詞後。連詞that只起連接作用,在從句中不做句子的成分,也無詞彙意義,在口語中常被省略,但在大多數情況下還是以不省為好,特別是在筆語中。
  例:I told him that he was wrong.

  l在think, believe, suppose, expect等動詞引起的賓語從句中,有時謂語儘管是否定意義,卻不用否定形式,而將think 等動詞變為否定形式。
  例:I don't think you are right. (我認為你做的不對)
  l在許多帶有複合賓語的句子中,that引導的賓語從句經常移到句子的後面,而用it做形式賓語。
  例:We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone (我認為他向每一個人撒謊是錯誤的)
  B,由連詞if、 whether 引導的表示"是否..."的賓語從句。Whether, if 在從句中不做句子的成分,一般情況下,whether和if 可以替換。
  例:I don't know if/whether he will come tomorrow.
  The teacher asked if/whether we had finished the experiment.
  l在介詞後面的賓語從句中不用if引導
  例:Everything depends on whether we have enough money。
  l賓語從句中有or not時不用if引導.
  例:I don't know whether the movie star will come or not.
  l和不定式連用作賓語時不用if引導.
  例:Whether to go there or not hasn't been decided.
  C,由wh-引導的賓語從句。連接代詞who,whom,whose, what, which,和連接副詞when, where, why, how 等連接的賓語從句,它們在句中即有連接從句的作用,又在句中充當句子的成分。
  例:Do you know which film they are talking about? (which做定語)
  I don't know where he lives. (where 做地點狀語)

  二,賓語從句的語序,
  賓語從句從句的語序必須是陳述語序,既連接詞+主語+謂語+其他成分
  例:I believe that they will come soon.

  He asked me whether I was a teacher.
  They wanted to know what they can do for us.

  二,賓語從句的時態。

  賓語從句的時態受主句的限制,
  既:主句是一般現在時態,從句根據實際情況而定。
  主句是一般過去時態,從句用相應的過去的時態。如果從句的動作發生在主句之前,則從句要用過去完成時態。  例:  1)She says that she is a student.
  She said that she was a student.
  2)She says that she will fly to Japan in a week.
  She said that she would fly to Japan in a week.
  3)She says that she has finished her homework already.
  She said that she had finished her homework already.
  4)She says that she can sing a song in English.
  She said that she could sing a song in English.
  l如果賓語從句說的是客觀真理、自然現象或事實時,這時賓語從句要用一般現在時態。
  例:The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
  He told me that Japan is an island country.
  lCould you tell me...是用來徵詢對方的意見,語氣委婉,並不表示過去。
  例:Could you tell me when we will visit the History Museum?
  注意事項:
  u由陳述句變成賓語從句時,要注意人稱的變化。
  例:She said: "I have been to England before."
  She said that she had been to England before.
  She asked me: "Do you like moths?"
  She asked me if I liked moths.
  u賓語從句與簡單句的交換。
  由連接代詞和連接副詞引導的賓語從句,如果賓語從句的主語和主句的主語是同一個人時,可以用"疑問詞+不定式

  "做賓語的簡單句結構。
  例:I don't know what I should do next.
  I can't know what to do next.
  He didn't know where he would live.
  He didn't know where to live.
4.定語從句(以that為主)
定語從句
I. 定語從句起了形容詞的作用,在句中修飾一個名詞或代詞。被修飾的詞叫做先行詞,引導定語從句的詞叫關係詞,他的作用一是放在先行詞與定語從句中間起了連接作用,二是在從句中擔當一個成分,並與先行詞保持數的一致。
關係詞 先行詞 從句成分 例句 備註
關係代詞 who 人 主語 Do you know the man who is talking with your mother? whom, which和that在從句中做賓語時,常可以省略,但介詞提前時後面關係代詞不能省略,也不可以用that
whom 人 賓語 Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working
The boy (whom) she loved died in the war..
whose 人,物 定語 I like those books whose topics are about history.
The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate.
that 人,物 主語,賓語 A plane is a machine that can fly.
She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.
which 物 主語,賓語 The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.
The picture which was about the accident was terrible.
as 人,物 主語,賓語 He is such a person as is respected by all of us.
This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. as做賓語一般不省略
關係副詞 when 時間 時間狀語 I will never forget the day when we met there. 可用on which
where 地點 地點狀語 This is the house where I was born. 可用in which
why 原因 原因狀語 I can't imagine the reason why he turned down my offer. 可用for which
II. that與which, who, whom的用法區別:
情況 用法說明 例句

只用that的情況 1. 先行詞為all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代詞時。
2. 先行詞被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修飾時
3. 先行詞有形容詞最高級和序數詞修飾時
4. 先行詞既指人又指物時
5. 先行詞被the only, the very修飾時
6. 句中已經有who或which時,為了避免重複時 1.He told me everything that he knows.
2.All the books that you offered has been given out.
3.This is the best film that I have ever read.
4.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.
5.He is the only man that I want to see.
6.Who is the man that is making a speech?
只用which, who, whom的情況 1. 在非限制性定語從句中,只能用which指代物,用who/whom指人
2. 在由"介詞+關係代詞"引導的定語從句中,只能用which指物,whom指人。
3. 先行詞本身是that時,關係詞用which, 先行詞為those, one, he時多用who。 He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study.
I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.
Those who respect others are usually respected by others.
III. as與which的區別:
定語從句 區別 例句
限制性定語從句中 名詞前有such和the same修飾時,關係代詞用as,不能用which He is not such a fool as he looks.
Don't read such books as you can't understand.
非限制性定語從句中 as和which都可以指代前面整個主句。如果有"正如,象"的含義,並可以放在主句前,也可以放在後面,那麼用as;而which引導的從句只能放主句後,並無"正如"的意思。 They won the game, as we had expected.
They won the game, which we hadn't expected.
As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.
IV. 限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區別:

類別 語法意義及特徵 例句
限制性定語從句 對先行詞起修飾限制作用,如果去掉,主句意思就不完整明確,這種從句與主句的關係十分密切,寫時不用逗號分開。 The accident happened at the time when I left.
非限制性定語從句 對先行詞作附加的說明,與主句的關係不十分密切,較鬆散。從句和主句之間用逗號分開,相當於一個插入語,不能用that引導,關係代詞做賓語時也不能省略。 His mother, whom he loved deeply, died ten years ago.
7.形容詞與副詞的比較級,最高級
A 特殊變化與一般變化B 用法8.動詞的種類
行為、情態、聯繫、助動詞
9.句子的成分
主語、謂語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、補語
10.簡單句5大基本句型(順便掌握及物與不及物動詞的區別)
11.動詞不定式
A基本結構(to+動詞原型,否定式為not to+動詞原型)B用法C疑問詞+不定式
12.被動語態
A主動與被動的概念B構成C情態動詞被動語態
  一、 明確被動語態的使用場合
  一般來說,當句子的主語是句子謂語動作的承受者時,句子要用被動語態而不能用主動語態。如:
  According to the news, many college students asked to be sent to the faraway places. 按照這個消息的說法,很多大學生要求被派往邊遠地區。

  二、主動形式表被動意義
  1. 有些表示狀態特徵的系動詞、感官動詞,如look, sound, feel, smell, taste, prove, appear, sound, turn out 等+形容詞/名詞的系表結構。如:
  The music sounds beautiful. 這音樂聽起來很美。
  2. 表示主語的某種屬性特徵的動詞。如:read, write, act, sell, wash, clean, wear, open, cook, lock, shut, dry, eat, drink, keep, feel,burn, last, strike, cut等。這類動詞一般不單獨使用,常有一個修飾語。或與表示行為方式的狀語連用,或與情態動詞連用。如:
  This coat dries easily. 這件大衣很容易幹。
  The door won't lock. 這扇門鎖不上。
  3. 表示開始、結束、運動的動詞。如begin, finish, start, open, close, stop, end, move。如:
  Work began at 7 o'clock this morning. 今天早晨的工作是7點開始的。
  4. 少數動詞用於進行時,其主動形式表示被動含義。如:print, build, cook, fry, hang, build, make。如:
  The books are printing. 這些書正在印刷中。
  5. 介詞in, on, under ... + 名詞構成的介詞短語表示被動意義。如:
  The house facing the tower is in the possession of Mr Bob. 面對著塔的屋子是Bob的。
  6. 當get, become, go 等動詞用作系動詞,其表語是過去分詞時,可以表示被動,此結構比較口語化。如:
  The patient got treated once a week. 那位病人一週得到一次治療。
  7. 某些不及物動詞或相當於不及物動詞的短語動詞如break out, go well, take place, occur等。如:
  What body changes occur when the sperm whale drives? 抹香鯨潛入水中時,身體會發生什麼變化?
  8. want, need, require等動詞後用V-ing形式可以表示被動意義。如:

  The machine needs repairing. 這臺機器需要修理了。
  9. 形容詞worth + V-ing分詞時。如:
  This book is well worth reading again. 這本書很值得再讀一遍。
  三、不能轉化成被動語態的主動句
  我們知道不及物動詞沒有被動語態,有的及物動詞也可以用作不及物動詞,同樣也沒有被動語態,凡是屬於下列情況的主句不能轉化成被動語態:
  1. 某些表示狀態的及物動詞。如:have, own, possess, lack, want, fit, suit, become, last, cost, fail, escape, hold等。如:
  Our boss possesses great wealth. 我們老闆擁有巨大的財富。
  2. 當賓語是反身代詞或相互代詞時,不能有相應的被動語態。如:
  I cut myself when I was cutting meat. 當我切肉時,割傷了自己。
  3. 當賓語是不定式或動名詞時,通常不能有對應的被動句。如:
  This might help to bring out the problem more clearly. 這也許有助於使問題明朗化。
  四、不及物動詞的被動結構
  一般地說,不及物動詞沒有被動結構,這是因為不及物動詞沒有賓語,但有些不及物動詞接上介詞、副詞或其他成分構成一個短語動詞,相當於及物動詞,這時可以有被動語態,但是要注意所接的介詞、副詞或其它成分一定不能省略。如:
  We must write to him. →He must be written to. 我們必須寫信給他。
13.虛擬語氣(以"現在不可能發生"為主)

結構為If+主+V-ed,主+would do。
注意從句裡面be用were
14.雙賓語
15.情態動詞
can,could,should,would,would like,might may,have to must,need
特別注意掌握情態動詞表推測
16.直接引語,間接引語
注意指示代詞、時間與地點詞、動詞轉換的情況
注意不轉換的情況
注意主從一致
17.狀語從句(特別是IF ,WHEN和UNTIL)
注意主句一般將來時,從句用一般現在表將來。
1、時間狀語從句
(1)as、when、while用法一覽表。類別作 用
例 句asas表示"當......的時候",往往和when/ while通用,但它著重強調主句與從句的動作或事情同時或幾乎同時發生。
She came up as I was cooking.(同時)
The runners started as the gun went off.(幾乎同時)when(at or during the time that )既可以表示在某一點的時候,又可表示在某一段時間內,主句與從句的動作或事情可以同時發生也可以先後發生。
It was raining when we arrived.(指時間點)
When we were at school, we went to the library every day.(在一段時間內)whilewhile意思是"當......的時候"或"在某一段時間裡"。主句中的動作或事情在從句中的動作或事情的進展過程中發生,從句中的動詞一般要用延續性動詞。在when表示a period of time時,兩者可以互換。

Please don't talk so loud while others are working.
He fell asleep while/when reading. Strike while the iron is hot.(用as或when不可,這裡的while意思是"趁......")
  (2)引導時間狀語從句的連接詞除上述外還有:
①till, not ... until ..., until, before, since
Don't get off the bus until it has stopped.
  He waited for his father until(till)it was twelve o'clock.
  It will be five years before he returns from England.
 ②hardly / scarcely ... when, no sooner ... than, as soon as once
表示"一......就"
  As soon as I have finished it , I'll give yu a call.
  Once you show any fear, he will attack you.
 We had hardly got / Hardly had we got into the country when it
began to rain.
No sooner had he arrived / He had no sooner arrived than she started complaining.
③directly, immediately, the moment, the minute that... 一......就
He made for the door directly he heard the knock.
④each time, every time, by the time
Each time he came to my city, he would call on me.
注意:表示未來情況,主句用將來時,從句用現在時。
2、讓步狀語從句
(1)although與though可以引導讓步狀語從句,不能與but連用,但可以與yet連用。
Although they are poor,(yet)they are warm-hearted.
(2)even if或even though引導讓步狀語從句,表示"即使","縱然",用來使人注意下文所強調內容的性質。
I'll get there even if(though)I have to sell my house to get enough money to go by air.
(3)no matter後接上who、what、where、how等疑問詞,也可以在這類疑問詞後面加上ever構成whoever、whatever、wherever、however等。
Don't trust him, no matter what / whatever he says.
Whoever breaks the law will be published.
No matter how hard the work is, you'd better try to do it well.
(4)as也可以引導讓步狀語從句。要用倒裝。
Child as(though)he is, he knows a lot.
Much as I like it, I won't buy.
Try as he would, he couldn't lift the heavy box.

3、原因狀語從句:because, for, as, since, now that
(1)表示不知道的原因時用because,即說話人認為聽話人不知道,因此because從句是全句最重要的部分,通常它被置於主句之後。
You want to know why I'm leaving? I'm leaving because I'm full.
for雖然表示不知道的原因,但其語氣較because要弱得多,是可說可不說的話,它只能置於主句之後,這時,for是並列連詞。如果不是因果關係,而是對前面主句的內容加以解釋或推斷時,只能用for。如:It's morning now, for the birds are singing.(很顯然,鳥叫不可能是"現在已是早上"的原因。)
(2)表示已經知道的原因時用as或since,即某種原因在說話人看來已經很明顯,或已為聽話人所熟悉,因此它是句中不很重要的部分。since要比as正式一些,它們通常被置於語句之前,但有時卻相反。
Seeing all of the children already seated, he said,"Since everyone is here, let's start."
(3)下列情況下只能使用because:
①在回答why的問句時;
②在用於強調句型時;
③被not所否定時。
4、地點狀語從句:where, wherever
Make a mark wherever you have any questions.
We will go where the Party directs us.
5、目的狀語從句:that, so that, in order that
注意:目的狀語從句的謂語動詞常與情態動詞連用,否則可能是結果狀語從句。不可置於句首。
6、結果狀語從句:that, so that, so ... that, such ... that ...

注意:so + 形容詞/副詞 + that從句;such + 名詞 + that從句。
7、方式狀語從句:as, as if(though)
I'll do as I am told to.
It looks as if it is going to rain.
8、比較狀語從句:than, as
9、條件狀語從句:if, unless, so (as) long as, in case, once, a far as, on condition that.
注意if與unless的區別:不能用and連接兩個unless從句,即不能有... unless ...,and unless ... 。但if ... not and if ... not卻不受此限。
You won't lose your weight unless you eat less and unless you exercise more.(×)
但可以說 ... unless you eat less and exercise more.
10、注意狀語從句中從句的省略現象
(1)連接詞 + 過去分詞
Don't speak until spoken to.
Pressure can be incrased when needed.
Unless repaired, the washing machine is no use.
(2)連詞 + 現在分詞
Look out while crossing the street.
(3)連詞 + 形容詞/其他
常見的有it necessary、if possible、when necessary、if any等。8.名詞A專有名詞與普通名詞
B可數與不可數
C可數名詞單數與複數D所有格1、英語名詞可分專有名詞和普通名詞兩大類:
1、專有名詞是個別的人、地、物、團體、機構等的專用名稱。
專有名詞中實詞的第一個字母要大寫。
如:Beijing, Tom, the People's Republic of China(中華人民共和國)
   專有名詞如果是含有普通名詞的短語,則必須使用定冠詞the。如:the Great Wall(長城)
   姓氏名如果採用複數形式,則表示該姓氏一家人(複數含義),如:the Greens( 格林一家人)。

 2、普通名詞是許多人或事物的共有名稱。如:pupil, family, man, foot.
   普通名詞又分為可數名詞和不可數名詞。
  ▲可數名詞是可以用簡單的數詞進行計數的名詞,如: box, child, orange;
▲不可數名詞是不可以用簡單的數詞進行計數的名詞。如:water, news, oil, population, information .
2、英語可數名詞的單複數:英語可數名詞有單數和複數兩種形式。
 1、名詞由單數變複數的基本方法如下:
  ①在單數名詞詞尾加s。如:map → maps,boy→ boys,horse→ horses, table→ tables.
②s,o,x ,sh,ch結尾的詞加es.如:class→classes, box→boxes, hero→heroes, dish→dishes, bench→benches.
   [注]:少數以o結尾的詞,變複數時只加s。如:photo→photos, piano→pianos.
  ③以輔音字母加y結尾的名詞,變y為i,再加es。如:family→families, city→cities, party→parties.
④以f或fe結尾的名詞,變f或fe為v,再加es。如:shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life→lives, knife→knives.
2、不規則變化:man→men, woman→women, sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth, fish→fish, child→children, ox→oxen, goose→geese
不可數名詞一般沒有複數形式,說明其數量時,要用有關計量名詞。如:a bag of rice→two bags of rice, a piece of paper→three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk.
3、名詞所有格:
1、 名詞所有格表示所屬關係,相當於物主代詞,在句中作定語、賓語或主語。其構成法如下:
(1)表示人或其它有生命的東西的名詞常在詞尾加's。如:Childern's Day(兒童節), my sister's book(我姐姐的書)
  (2)以s或es結尾的複數名詞。只在詞尾加'。如:Teachers' Day(教師節)

(3)有些表示時間、距離以及世界、國家、城鎮等無生命的名詞,也可在詞尾加's. 如:
today's newspaper(今天的報紙), ten minutes' break(十分鐘的課間休息),
China's population(中國的人口).
(4)無論表示有生命還是無生命的東西的名詞,一般均可用介詞of短語來表示所有關係。如:
a fine daughter of the Party(黨的好女兒).
 2、[註解]:① 's還可以表示某人的家或者某個店鋪,如:my aunt's(我阿姨家), the doctor's(診所)
② 兩人共有某物時,可以採用 A and B's 的形式,如:Lucy and Lily's bedroom(露西和麗麗合住的臥室)
③ "of+名詞所有格/名詞性物主代詞",稱為雙重所有格,如:a friend of my father's(我父親的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)
4、名詞或代詞作主語時和謂語之間的單複數的一致問題:
1、謂語和謂語基本保持單複數的一致,即:主語是可數名詞單數或不可數名詞時,謂語動詞用單數形式:如:The computer was a great invention.(計算機是個了不起的發明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯裡的水很冷)
 2、集體名詞(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主語時,
   ① 如果表示整體概念,則謂語用單數形式,如:Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)
   ② 如果表示其中的所有成員時,則謂語用複數形式,如:Class Three have a map of China.(三
    班有張中國地圖)
3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示單個時謂語用單數,表示許多時,謂語用複數。如:There is a sheep in the yard.(院子裡有隻綿羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子裡有一些綿羊)

4、maths, news等雖然有s結尾,但不是複數,因此謂語仍用單數:The news is very exciting. (這個消息令人興奮)
 5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名詞往往用複數形式,故謂語用複數。如:
   The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(褲子很便宜,我想買)
6、a lot of 後跟名詞複數時謂語用複數形式,跟不可數名詞時謂語用單數形式。如:A lot of students are playing baseball now.(現在有許多學生在打壘球) A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的時間花在了那個工作上)(被動句)
7、and 連接兩個名詞做主語時,謂語原則上用複數,但是兩個名詞若構成一個整體事物時,謂語則用單數。如:The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老師和他的兒子在摘蘋果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (魚和薯條是一種出名的食品)
8、 there be 句型中be的單複數一般由靠近的名詞決定。如:There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房間裡有一張桌子和四張椅子)
9、用both...and...連接兩個事物做主語時,謂語一般用複數。如:Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都來)
10、主語中含有with的短語時,謂語單複數由with之前的人物決定。如:A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名婦女帶著一個七歲的孩子(當時)就站在路邊)
11、either...or...或者 neither...nor...連接兩個人物做句子主語時,謂語採用就近原則。如:Either you or he is right.(要麼是你對,要麼是他對。/你和他有一個人是對的) / Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那裡)
12、表示一段時間或長度概念的複數名詞做主語時,謂語一般用單數。如:Two months is not a short time.(兩個月不是個短時間)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距離).(兩千千米是相當長的一段距離)

13、主語中含有half of... / (three quarters)of... / all (of) the ....等詞語時,謂語的單複數由名詞確定,如:Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特網上四分之三以上的信息是用英語寫的) / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(學生的三分之一(當時)正在湖邊玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(這些河流中的水已經被汙染了)(被動句)
但是,population一詞又有特殊情況: What's the population of China?(中國人口是多少?)(句子用單數) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(這個城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用複數)
5、部分名詞用法辨析:
1、sport、game、match、race 的區別:sport通常指"戶外運動",以鍛鍊為主,概念較大;game意思是"運動、比賽",不管戶內戶外還是腦力體力,指以勝負為主的運動;match意為"競賽、比賽",多指正式比賽;race主要表示"賽跑、賽馬、賽車"。如:People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜愛運動) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奧運會將在北京舉行)(被動句) / Our school football team won the league match(聯賽).(我們學校足球隊取得了聯賽冠軍) / They were strong and won the boat race.(湯他們很棒,贏得了划艇比賽)
2、festival、holiday、vacation的區別:festival"節日",指喜慶的日子或持續一段時間的文娛活動;holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或風俗習慣,複數可以表示一個較長的假期;vacation"假期",指學習或工作中一段長時間的休息。如:The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海電視節將在下個月舉行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是個假日,多數人不工作) / What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什麼事情?)
3、journey、tour、trip、travel的區別:journey指在陸地上(或海上或空中)進行的長途旅行,不知終點,含有辛苦的意思;tour指途中作短期逗留的巡迴旅行,強調遊覽多處,常用來指觀光等;trip通常指往返定時的短途旅行,如出差度假等;travel多指長期或長途的觀光旅行,尤其指到國外,沒有明確目的地,也作不可數名詞,指旅行這一行為。如:He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行觀光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好幾次) / Did you go to Santiago(聖地亞哥) during your travels?(旅行期間你去聖地亞哥了嗎?) / Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林裡邊穿行是很危險的)

4、sound、noise、voice的區別:sound指各種聲音;noise主要指"噪音";voice指人的"嗓音"。如:The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧囂聲讓我徹夜難眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然間傳來幾聲槍響和一聲尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因為感冒的緣故,這個歌唱家失去了她銀鈴般的嗓音)
5、fish的問題:指許多條魚且不管種類時,用fish,單複數相同;fishes 指許多種類的魚;fish指"魚肉"時是不可數名詞。如:There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子裡有很多種類的魚)/ I prefer fish to meat.(與肉相比我更喜歡魚)19.代詞A人稱代詞人稱代詞有兩種形式,即:主格和賓格,它們的漢語意思是一樣的,但它們的用法卻不一致。具體如下:1. 人稱代詞主格、賓格如下表:
2. 人稱代詞的用法
  1) 人稱代詞的主格在句子中只能夠作主語。如:
  She is the best student in her class. 她在她的班級裡是最好的學生。
  2) 人稱代詞的賓格在句子中作動詞、介詞的賓語或表語。如:
  Please give that book to me, Ben! 請把那本書給我,本!
含義介紹:
  1. 形容詞性物主代詞起形容詞的作用,用在名詞前。(黑體為形容詞性物主代詞)
  例:1. This is my book. 這是我的書。
  2. We love our motherland. 我們熱愛我們的祖國。
  2. 名詞性物主代詞起名詞的作用。 (黑體為名詞性物主代詞)
  例:1. Look at the two pencils. The red one is yours and the blue one is mine.
  看那兩支鉛筆,紅的是你的,藍的是我的。

  2. He likes my pen. He doesn't like hers.
  他喜歡我的鋼筆。不喜歡她的。
  3. 注意:在使用名詞性物主代詞時,必須有特定的語言環境,也就是要省略的名詞大家已經知道,已經提起過。
  例: It's hers. 是她的。
  (單獨使用大家不知是怎麼回事,不可以這樣用。)
  There is a book. It's hers. 這有本書。是她的(書)。
  (這裡的hers=her book)
  只有上文提及了某個名詞,才會知道名詞性物主代詞指代的事物。
  4. 名詞性物主代詞=形容詞性物主代詞+名詞    為避免重複使用名詞,有時可用"名詞性物主代詞"來代替"形容詞性物主代詞+名詞"的形式。
  例:My bag is yellow, her bag is red, his bag is blue and your bag is pink.
  為避免重複使用bag,可寫成My bag(形容詞性) is yellow, hers(名詞性=her bag) is red, his(名詞性=his bag) is blue and yours(名詞性=your bag) is pink.[用法:  1)物主代詞既有表示所屬的作用又有指代作用.
  例如:
  John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk.
  約翰割破了手指,顯而易見,他桌子上有個破玻璃杯。
  物主代詞有形容詞性(my, your等)和名詞性(mine, yours等)兩種,形容詞性的物主代詞屬於限定詞。
  名詞性的物主代詞在用法上相當於省略了中心名詞的 --'s屬格結構,例如:

  Jack's cap 意為 The cap is Jack's.
  His cap 意為 The cap is his.
  ------
  2) 名詞性物主代詞的句法功能
  a. 作主語,例如:
  May I use your pen? Yours works better.
  我可以用一用你的鋼筆嗎? 你的比我的好用。
  b. 作賓語,例如:
  I love my motherland as much as you love yours.
  我愛我的祖國就像你愛你的祖國一樣深。
  c. 作介詞賓語,例如:
  Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word, not in yours.
  你應當按我所用的詞義去解釋我說的話,而不能按你自己的意義去解釋。
  d. 作主語補語,例如:
  The life I have is yours. It's yours. It's yours. 我的生命屬於你,屬於你,屬於你。
  例句:This is my case.
  This case is mine.在這裡的mine帶有"我的(書)"的意思。
  This book belongs to me.
  用名詞性物主代詞,一般來說,人稱代詞都要有所變化,特別是I,不是"mys",要注意。  主格賓格所有格
名詞性物主代詞Imemyminehehimhishissheherherhersyouyouyouryoursitititsitsweusourourstheythemtheirtheirs
  3)名詞性物主代詞可以用在介詞of的後面,相當於"of+名詞所有格"。
C指示代詞
1. 指示代詞的基本用法
指示代詞包括this, that, these, those等,它們在句中既可用作代詞,也可用作形容詞。一般說來,this, these表"近指",,而that, those則"遠指"。

2. 指示代詞指上文還是指下文
指上文提到的事多用that,有時用this,指下文的事只能用this。如:
-He was nearly drowned once.
-When was ________?
-________was in 1998 when he was in middle school.
A. that; It B. this; This C. this; It D. that; This
答案是A。指上文提到的事多用that,it指時間。
3. 電話用語中的指示代詞
在電話用語中指自己用this,指對方用that,不用I或you。如:
"Who's that?" "This is Mary speaking.""你是哪位?""我是瑪麗。"
4. 指示代詞受定語從句的修飾
指示代詞that, those後可接定語從句,一般說來,that後接which引導的定語從句,those後接who引導的定語從句。如:
They say the only real knowledge is that which can be measured. 據說唯一真實的知識是可以檢驗的知識。
Only those who had booked in advance were allowed in. 只有那些預先訂票的人可以進去。
5. 指示代詞用作替代詞
that, those有時可用作替代詞,用以替代前面提到過的人或事物。如:
My seat is next to that of the mayor. 我的座位在市長座位旁邊。
Waves of red light are about twice as long as those of blue light. 紅色光線的波長約為藍色波長的兩倍。20.數詞表示數目和順序的詞叫做數詞。數詞又分基數詞和序數詞,基數詞表示數量,序數詞表示順序。
4.1基數詞的構成和用法
(1)最基本的基數詞如下表所示:

(2)基數詞的寫法
① 21~99 的兩位數,十位與個位之間用連字符"-"。例:
◇ 21 twenty-one ◇ 32thirty-two
◇ 98 ninety-eight ◇ 99ninety-nine② 101~999的三位數,百位數和後面的數之間用連詞and,百、千等數詞一律用單數形式。例:◇ 101 one hundred andone
◇ 225 two hundred andtwenty five
◇ 999 nine hundred andninety-nine
③ 1000以上的數,從後面向前數,每三位中間點",",第一個","前為thousand,第
二個","前為 million,第三個","前為billion。例:
◇ 2,567 two thousand fivehundred and sixty-seven◇ 3,018 three thousand andeighteen
(3) 基數詞的用法
① 作主語。例:
◇ Ten is a very important number.
十是一個很重要的數字。
◇ Two and three are (is) five.
2加3等於5。
② 作定語。例:
◇ One kilometer is equal to two li.
1公里等於2華里。
◇ She has three brothers.
她有三個兄弟。
③ 作賓語。例:
◇ I wanted three but he gave mefive.
我想要三個,但他給了我五個。
◇ I get up before six every day.
我每天六點之前起床。
④ 作表語。例:
◇ -What time is it?幾點鐘啦?
-It's ten. 十點。
(4) 疑難點
hundred,thousand和million在合成數詞中一般用單數形式,但是用來表示不定

數目時,用作複數形式。例:
◇ Hundreds of workers will go onstrike.
◇ Thousands of people are swimmingin the river.
此時 hundred,thousand等詞前沒有數詞修飾,且通常其複數形式與of 連用。
4.2 序數詞的構成與用法
(1) 序數詞的構成
① 一般來說,是由相應的基數詞加詞尾th構成。例:
◇ four + th → fourth ◇ six + th → sixth
◇ seven + th → seventh ◇ ten + th → tenth
② 下面這些基數詞在變為序數詞時,有特殊的變化。例:
◇ one → first ◇ two → second ◇ thre
e → third
◇ five → fifth ◇ eight → eighth ◇ nine→ ninth◇ twelve → twelfth
③ 十位整數序數詞的構成方法是將基數詞的詞y變成i,然後再加eth。例:
◇ twenty → twentieth ◇ thirty → thirtieth◇ forty → fortieth ◇ ninety → ninetieth④ 兩位或兩位以上的基數詞變成序數詞時,僅將個位數變成序數詞。例:
◇ twenty-one → twenty-first
◇ thirty-five → thirty-fifth
◇ a hundred andfifty-three → a hundred and fi
fty-third
(2) 序數詞的用法
① 序數詞在使用時,一般加上定冠詞。例:
◇ the firstbook ◇ the second floor
◇ the thirdday ◇ the fourth week.
② 序數詞在多數情況下都用作定語,有的也可以作表語、主語和賓語。例:
◇ The may 1st is Labour Day.
五月一日是勞動節。
◇ My room is on the second floor.
我的房間在二樓。

◇ The first is larger than thesecond. (主語)
第一個比第二個大。
◇ Read the book from the first.(賓語)
從開頭讀這本書。
◇ You'll be the sixth to write. (表語)
你將是第六個寫的。
③ 序數詞的前面可以加上不定冠詞,用來表示"再一","又一"的意思。例:
◇ You may have a third try.
你可以第三次嘗試。
(3) 時間表示法
① 時間都由基數詞表示。例:
◇ It's nine.
現在九點。
◇ It's not five yet.
還不到五點。
有時後面要加o'clock,但在口語中通常省略。
② 幾點幾分表示法有兩種形式。
A.倒讀法:與漢語順序不同,先讀"分"後說"點"。30分鐘以內,用"分鐘數"+past +"
鐘點數"表示"幾點過幾分",超過30分鐘,用"分鐘數"+ to+ "下一個鐘點數"表示"差幾
分到幾點"。15分鐘也可以用a quarter,30分鐘也可以用a half。例:
◇ 2:15 a quarter past two
◇ 2:45 a quarter to three
◇ 1:55 five to two
◇ 7:05 five past seven
◇ 5:35 thirty five past five
◇ 9:30 half past nine
只有指幾點鐘整時才用o'clock,如teno'clock,但不可以說seven past

ten o'clock.
B.順讀法:與漢語順序相同,連用兩個基數詞,第一個表示"點鐘",第二個表示"分鐘"。例:
◇ 5:40 five forty
◇ 2:30 two thirty
◇ 1:15 one fifteen
這時的15和30不能用a quater, a half代替。
(4) 日期表示法
① 年的讀法:用基數詞,分成兩位一讀。例:
◇ 1949 nineteen forty-nine
◇ 1840 eighteen forty
② 月份的名稱要大寫。例:
◇ January ◇ February ◇ March ◇ April
③ 日期用序數詞表示,前面可加the,也可以省略。例:
◇ 5月4日 May (the) fourth
◇ 10月1日 October (the) first
④ 年、月、日的順序:在英語中, 按月、日、年的順序來讀。例:
◇ 1949年10月1日 October (the) firstnineteen forty-nine◇ 1999年5月1日 May (the) first nineteenninety-nine
表示在"在某年、在某月"用介詞in,如in2000,in September,表示"在某日
"用介詞on,如on July 8。
(5) 編號的讀法
① 表示"第幾課(部分,章或節)"時,用序數詞時,前面一定要加冠詞;用基數詞時,不用冠詞,但
語序與漢語相反。例:
◇ lesson one → the first lesson
◇ part three → the third part
② 當數字較長時,通常用基數詞。例:

◇ 第219頁 page 219 (two one nine)
◇ 第306號房間 room 306 (three o〔?藜u〕six)
◇ 第六路公共汽車 bus number six
◇ 電話號碼 885316 telephone number885316 (eight eight
five three one six)
(6) 倍數的用法
① The train arrived half an hourlate.
火車晚到了半個小時。
half 是形容詞。
② He has three times as many books as I have.
他的書有我的三倍多。
"~的幾倍"的說法,兩倍用twice,注意表示倍數的詞在句中的22.介詞A時間介詞
B地點介詞C其他23.冠詞24.分詞A現在與過去分詞
B現在分詞做主語等
C分詞做定語


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