小夥伴們對“槓精”一定再熟悉不過了，長這麼大誰還沒跟槓精吵過架？槓精不止讓人頭疼，還分好幾種呢。有一種不是很明顯的槓精卻著實讓人頭疼，這就是西方心理學上所說的“消極性攻擊”（
passive-aggressive），指的是用不直接的方式表達反抗（defiance）與敵意（hostility）。These behaviors can include deliberately "forgetting" or procrastinat-
ing, complaining about a lack of appreciation , and a sullen demeanor.
這一類行為包括：故意“忘記”某些事情、拖延、抱怨別人不夠感激、或是擺出一份悶悶不樂的樣子。
目前，對於消極性攻擊人格障礙的成因有5種說法，雖然很多都只是推測性的（speculative），但是也可以有助於我們來了解“槓精”是怎麼煉成的：
#1 Psychoanalytic.
從精神分析的角度來說
For example, one psychoanalytic view suggests that when individuals exhibit passive-aggressive behavior, they are attempting to reconcile their need to be seen as agreeable by others with their desire to express a negative attitude.
比如，一種精神分析學派的觀點說：一個人表現出消極攻擊性行為，事實上是在試圖平衡自己的兩種需求；一種是希望被別人贊同的需求，另一種是表達反對態度的需求。
#2 Behavioral.
從行為學的角度來說
The behavioral approach suggests that passive-aggressive behavior occurs when someone has not learned how to assert themselves, feels anxiety about asserting themselves, or fears a negative response to their assertive behavior.
行為學派的看法認為：一個人出現消極攻擊性行為，是因為他們還沒有學會怎麼表達自己的立場，他們對錶達立場這件事感到焦慮，或者是害怕自己表達立場後會收穫負面的反應。
#3 Interpersonal.
從人際關係來講
One interpersonal approach suggests that passive-aggressive people may be both quarrelsome and submissive in their relationships with other people.
一種人際關係角度的學說認為：一個消極攻擊性的人在與另一個人的關係中可能既表現出易爭吵的一面，又表現出服從的一面。
#4 Social.
從社會的角度來講
One social approach suggests that contradictory messages from family members during someone’s upbringing can cause that person to be more “on guard” later in life.
社會學派的一種看法認為：如果一個人長大的過程中家庭中有這種相互矛盾的信息，那麼他長大後也更可能變得這麼“設防”。
#5 Biological.
從生物學的角度來講
One biological approach suggests that there may be specific genetic factors that would cause someone to have erratic moods and irritable behaviors, as may be seen in passive-aggressive personality disorder.
一種生物學角度的看法認為：有些基因會讓人更容易情緒激動、更易怒，而這些現象在患有消極攻擊性人格障礙的人身上都可見。
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