C++核心準則邊譯邊學-I.4 接口類型應該精準且嚴格

C++核心準則邊譯邊學-I.4 接口類型應該精準且嚴格

I.4 Make interfaces precisely and strongly typed(接口類型應該精準且嚴格)

Reason(原因)

Types are the simplest and best documentation, improve legibility due to their well-defined meaning, and are checked at compile time. Also, precisely typed code is often optimized better.

類型是最簡單、最好的文檔。經過良好定義的類型可以提高易讀性,也可以在編譯時被檢查。同時,類型明確定義的代碼通常也會被優化得更好。


Example, don't(反面示例)

Consider:(考慮以下代碼)

void pass(void* data); // weak and under qualified type void* is suspicious

Callers are unsure what types are allowed and if the data may be mutated as const is not specified. Note all pointer types implicitly convert to void*, so it is easy for callers to provide this value.

調用者無法確定函數可以接受何種類型和數據是否可能被修改(由於沒有用const修飾)。注意所有的指針類型都可以隱式轉換為void*,因此調用者很容易(隨便)提供一個值。

The callee must static_cast data to an unverified type to use it. That is error-prone and verbose.

被調用者必須(通過默契)將數據靜態轉換為未經驗證的類型以便使用它。這樣的代碼易錯且冗長。


Only use const void* for passing in data in designs that are indescribable in C++. Consider using a variant or a pointer to base instead.

只有在傳遞設計上C++無法描述的數據時才可以使用const void* 。否則考慮使用variant或者指向基礎類型的指針作為代替手段。

Alternative: Often, a template parameter can eliminate the void* turning it into a T* or T&. For generic code these Ts can be general or concept constrained template parameters.

可選項:模板參數經常可以消除void*而使用T*或者T&。對於一般的代碼,這裡的T可以是普遍的或者概念約束的模板參數。

譯者注:concept是C++20已經決定引入的新概念。

Example, bad(反面示例)

Consider:考慮以下代碼:

draw_rect(100, 200, 100, 500); // what do the numbers specify?
draw_rect(p.x, p.y, 10, 20); // what units are 10 and 20 in?

It is clear that the caller is describing a rectangle, but it is unclear what parts they relate to. Also, an int can carry arbitrary forms of information, including values of many units, so we must guess about the meaning of the four ints. Most likely, the first two are an x,y coordinate pair, but what are the last two?

調用者在描述一個矩形這一點是明確的,但卻不知道具體描述的是那些方面(四角座標還是邊長)。同時,整形數據可以攜帶任意形式的信息,單位也存在很多可能,因此我們必須猜測四個整形參數的含義。前兩個很有可能是x,y座標對,但是,後兩個呢?


Comments and parameter names can help, but we could be explicit:

註釋和參數名稱可以提供幫助,但是我們可以(通過參數類型)更加清晰地表達:

void draw_rectangle(Point top_left, Point bottom_right);
void draw_rectangle(Point top_left, Size height_width);
draw_rectangle(p, Point{10, 20}); // two corners
draw_rectangle(p, Size{10, 20}); // one corner and a (height, width) pair

Obviously, we cannot catch all errors through the static type system (e.g., the fact that a first argument is supposed to be a top-left point is left to convention (naming and comments)).

顯然,我們無法通過靜態類型系統捕捉所有錯誤(例如,認為第一個參數是左上角這個事實就是一種慣例(命名和註釋))

Example, bad(反面示例)

Consider:(考慮以下代碼)

set_settings(true, false, 42); // what do the numbers specify?

The parameter types and their values do not communicate what settings are being specified or what those values mean.

參數的類型和值沒有說明哪種設定將會被修改,也沒有說明值的含義。

This design is more explicit, safe and legible:

下面的設計更清晰、安全和可讀。

alarm_settings s{};
s.enabled = true;

s.displayMode = alarm_settings::mode::spinning_light;
s.frequency = alarm_settings::every_10_seconds;
set_settings(s);

For the case of a set of boolean values consider using a flags enum; a pattern that expresses a set of boolean values.

對於成組使用布爾值的情況,考慮使用枚舉類型;下面的模式可以表示一套布爾值。

enable_lamp_options(lamp_option::on | lamp_option::animate_state_transitions);

Example, bad(反面示例)

In the following example, it is not clear from the interface what time_to_blink means: Seconds? Milliseconds?

在下面的例子中,接口沒有明確time_to_blink的含義:單位是秒還是毫秒?

void blink_led(int time_to_blink) // bad -- the unit is ambiguous
{
// ...
// do something with time_to_blink
// ...
}
void use()
{
blink_led(2);
}

Example, good(範例)()

std::chrono::duration types (C++11) helps making the unit of time duration explicit.

std::chrono::duration類型(C++11)可以讓時間間隔的單位更明確。

void blink_led(milliseconds time_to_blink) // good -- the unit is explicit
{
// ...

// do something with time_to_blink
// ...
}
void use()
{
blink_led(1500ms);
}

The function can also be written in such a way that it will accept any time duration unit.

這個函數可以如下設計以便接受任何單位的時間間隔。

template<class>
void blink_led(duration time_to_blink) // good -- accepts any unit
{
// assuming that millisecond is the smallest relevant unit
auto milliseconds_to_blink = duration_cast<milliseconds>(time_to_blink);
// ...
// do something with milliseconds_to_blink
// ...
}
void use()
{
blink_led(2s);
blink_led(1500ms);
}/<milliseconds>
/<class>

Enforcement(實施建議)

  • (Simple) Report the use of void* as a parameter or return type.(簡單)報告使用void*作為參數或返回值的情況。
  • (Simple) Report the use of more than one bool parameter.(簡單)報告以多個布爾值為參數的情況。
  • (Hard to do well) Look for functions that use too many primitive type arguments.(很難做好)找到使用太多原始類型參數的函數。

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