This is known as the twins paradox, but it is a paradox only if one has the idea of absolute time at the back of one’s mind.
In the theory of relativity there is no unique absolute time, but instead each individual has his own personal measure of time that depends on where he is and how he is moving.
Before 1915, space and time were thought of as a fixed arena in which events took place, but which was not affected by what happened in it. This was true even of the special theory of relativity. Bodies moved, forces attracted and repelled, but time and space simply continued, unaffected. It was natural to think that space and time went on forever.
The situation, however, is quite different in the general theory of relativity. Space and time are now dynamic quantities: when a body moves, or a force acts, it affects the curvature of space and time - and in turn the structure of space-time affects the way in which bodies move and forces act. Space and time not only affect but also are affected by everything that happens in the universe. Just as one cannot talk about events in the universe without the notions of space and time, so in general relativity it became meaningless to talk about space and time outside the limits of the universe.
In the following decades this new understanding of space and time was to revolutionize our view of the universe. The old idea of an essentially unchanging universe that could have existed, and could continue to exist, forever was replaced by the notion of a dynamic, expanding universe that seemed to have begun a finite time ago, and that might end at a finite time in the future. That revolution forms the subject of the next chapter. And years later, it was also to be the starting point for my work in theoretical physics. Roger Penrose and I showed that Einstein’s general theory of relativity implied that the universe must have a beginning and, possibly, an end.
Arena 舞臺
Curvature 曲率
這即是被稱為雙生子的佯謬。但是，只是對於頭腦中仍有絕對時間觀念的人而言，這才是佯謬。在相對論中並沒有一個唯一的絕對時間，相反地，每個人都有他自己的時間測度，這依賴於他在何處並如何運動。
1915年之前，空間和時間被認為是事件在其中發生的固定舞臺，而它們不受在其中發生的事件的影響。即便在狹義相對論中，這也是對的。物體運動，力相互吸引並排斥，但時間和空間則完全不受影響地延伸著。空間和時間很自然地被認為無限地向前延伸。
然而在廣義相對論中，情況則相當不同。這時，空間和時間變成為動力量：當一個物體運動時，或一個力起作用時，它影響了空間和時間的曲率；反過來，時空的結構影響了物體運動和力作用的方式。空間和時間不僅去影響、而且被髮生在宇宙中的每一件事所影響。正如一個人不用空間和時間的概念不能談宇宙的事件一樣，同樣在廣義相對論中，在宇宙界限之外講空間和時間是沒有意義的。
在以後的幾十年中，對空間和時間的新的理解是對我們的宇宙觀的變革。古老的關於基本上不變的、已經存在並將繼續存在無限久的宇宙的觀念，已為運動的、膨脹的並且看來是從一個有限的過去開始並將在有限的將來終結的宇宙的觀念所取代。這個變革正是下一章的內容。幾年之後又正是我研究理論物理的起始點。羅傑·彭羅斯和我指出，從愛因斯坦廣義相對論可推斷出，宇宙必須有個開端，並可能有個終結。
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