這篇聽力比較特別的是出現了表格形式的比較題，如何在第一遍聽力中立即抓住重點
1.What is the lecture mainly about?
A. Oral traditions in folktales and fairy tales
B. Common characters and plots in folktales and fairy tales
C. Differences between folktales and fairy tales
D. Hidden meanings in folktales and fairy tales
2.What does the professor mean when he says that folktales are communal?
A. They vary little from one community to another.
B. They serve to strengthen ties among individuals within a community.
C. They relate important events in the history of a community.
D. They can be adapted to meet the needs of a community.
3.Why does the professor clarify the concept of a “fairy”?
A. To explain the origins of the term “fairy tale”
B. To eliminate a possible definition of the term “fairy tale”
C. To support a claim about the function of fairy tales
D. To indicate that fairies are a major element in fairy tales
4.What does the professor say about the setting of fairy tales?
A. The tales are usually set in a nonspecific location.
B. The location is determined by the country of origin of a tale.
C. The tales are set in a location familiar to the author.
D. A storyteller varies the location of a tale depending on the audience.
5.In the lecture, the professor discusses characteristics of folktales and fairy tales. Indicate the characteristics of each type of tale.
folktales
fairy tales
Their appeal is now mainly to children
The plot is the only stable element
The tales are transmitted orally
There is one accepted version
Characters are well developed
The language is relatively formal
6.Why does the professor say this: What’s the line, ah—how do all those stories start? “Once upon a time, in a faraway land …”
A. To support the student’s statement
B. To ask the student to clarify her statement
C. To find out if the students know what story the line comes from
D. To clarify the relationship between time and space in fairy tales
答案：1C 2D 3B 4A 5見下圖 6A
folktales
fairy tales
Their appeal is now mainly to children
The plot is the only stable element
The tales are transmitted orally
There is one accepted version
Characters are well developed
The language is relatively formal
Listen to part of a lecture in a literature class.關注點：lliterature class
MALE PROFESSOR
Now, we can’t really talk about fairy tales without first talking about
folktales … because there is a strong connection between these two genres, these two types of stories. In fact, many fairy tales started out as folktales.關注點：fairy tales and folktales connection 心理要有個數，後文將講到二者的聯繫So, what’s a folktale? How would you characterize them? Jeff?關注點：folktale的定義，一般來說直接考察專有名詞定義的情況很少，但需注意，出現多個專有名詞比較、對比的情況時，需要對定義進行辨析；記錄筆記可分為幾欄，以專有名詞為標題，分別在標題下欄中填寫文本描述的內容，如文末表格
MALE STUDENT
Well, they’re old stories, traditional stories. They were passed down orally within cultures, from generation to generation, so they changed a lot over time; I mean, every storyteller, or maybe every town, might have had a slightly different version of the same folktale.
MALE PROFESSOR
That’s right, there’s local difference, and that’s why we say folktales are communal.
By “communal,” we mean they reflect the traits and the concerns of a particular community at a particular time. So essentially the same tale could be told in different communities, with certain aspects of the tale adapted to fit the specific community.（第二題答案出處） Um, not the plot … the details of what happens in the story would remain constant; that was the thread that held the tale together. But all the other elements, like the location or characters, might be modified for each audience.
OK, so what about fairy tales? They also are found in most cultures, but how are they different from folktales?（第一題答案出處，需結合全文） I guess the first question is what is a fairy tale? 關注點：fairy tale的定義，心裡有數下一段講敘述fairy tale的相關內容 And don’t anyone say, “a story with a fairy in it.” Because we all know that very few fairy tales actually have those tiny magical creatures in them. （第三題答案出處） But what else can we say about them? Mary?
FEMALE STUDENT
Well, they seem to be less realistic than folktales. Like they have something improbable happening—a frog turning into a prince, say. Oh, that’s another common element, royalty … a prince or princess. And fairy tales all seem to take place in a location that’s nowhere and everywhere at the same time.
MALE PROFESSOR
What’s the line, ah—how do all those stories start? “Once upon a time, in a faraway land …” （第六題答案出處，需結合推測） In the case of folktales, each storyteller would specify a particular location and time, though the time and location would differ for different storytellers. With fairy tales, however, the location is generally unspecified, no matter who the storyteller is … that “land faraway.. .” We’ll come back to this point in a few minutes.
MALE STUDENT
Um, I thought a fairy tale was just the written version of an oral folktale.關注點：經驗告訴我們，lecture中學生的話起提示作用，和後文教授的講解有密切關聯，然而學生的話不一定是對的，一定要注意教授的回應；一般在lecture題型記筆記的過程中教授的話直接記錄，學生的話（常見female student, male student），可以記為F°^ , M°^
MALE PROFESSOR
Well, not exactly, though that is how many fairy tales developed. For example, in the late eighteenth century, the Grimm brothers traveled throughout what’s now Germany recording local folk tales. These were eventually published—as fairy tales—but not before undergoing a process of evolution.關注點：folktale 是 fairy tales 的發展階段
Now, a number of things happen when an oral tale gets written down. First, the language changes, it becomes more formal, more standard—some might say less colorful. It’s like the difference in your language depending on whether you’re talking to someone or writing them a letter.
Second, when an orally transmitted story is written down, an authoritative version, with a recognized author is created. The communal aspect gets lost; the tale no longer belongs to the community; it belongs to the world, so to speak. Because of this, elements like place and time can no longer be tailored to suit a particular audience, so they become less identifiable, more generalizable to any audience.
On the other hand, descriptions of characters and settings can be developed more completely. In folk tales, characters might be identified by a name, but you wouldn’t know anything more about them. But in fairy tales, people no longer have to remember plots—they’re written down, right? So more energy can be put into other elements of the story, like character and setting. So you get more details about the characters, and about where the action takes place, what people’s houses were like, whether they’re small cabins or grand palaces … And it’s worth investing that energy because the story, now in book form, isn’t in danger of being lost, those details won’t be forgotten. If a folk tale isn’t repeated by each generation, it may be lost for all time. But with a fairy tale, it’s always there in a book, waiting to be discovered again and again.（第四題答案出處） 關注點：像這個段落，重點在於1 fairy tale在人物和背景方面描寫更加詳細 2 原因在於fairy tale是被寫下來的，不易被遺忘；這個段落對1、2兩點進行了詳細的論證，如果能迅速抓住重點，聽起來就很輕鬆，如果不能，則會被繞得暈乎乎的；注意在聯繫聽力過程中，訓練這方面的能力：1 辨別出正反論證、多論據論證的段落 2 總結得到中心論點 3 精煉為簡單的筆記（fairy tale detail in charatcter ＆ setting ∵ write down）
Another interesting difference involves the change in audience—who the stories are meant for. Contrary to what many people believe today, folktales were originally intended for adults, not for children. So why is it that fairy tales seem targeted toward children nowadays?
（第五題答案需結合全文，可見下表）
總結全文，可得到如下的對比表格，在聽力過程中，需要用精煉的筆記記錄下列內容，不拘泥於對仗、完整，但要求精煉、全面
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