英語句子結構剖析(51)

1、The recent case of an American women, Terri Schiavo, whose husband won a legal battle to have her taken off life support machines after she spent 15 years in a coma-like state, has exposed the many sensitive legal and medical issues that surround the care of coma patients.

【句式翻譯】最近一位美國婦女Terri Schiavo的案例已經暴露出許多關於對昏迷病人的護理的敏感的司法和醫學問題,她的丈夫打贏了一場官司,在她在昏迷狀態下度過15年之後,把她與她的生命供應機切斷了。

【句式分析】本句是複合句,主語是The recent case,謂語是has exposed,關係代詞whose在句中引導一個非限制性定語從句,修飾先行詞Terri Schiavo;關係代詞that在句中引導一個限制性定語從句,修飾先行詞issues,taken off在句中作賓補。

【詞語點撥】

1) sensitive adj.敏感的;易受影響的

A baby is sensitive to the slightest changes in its mother’s voice.嬰兒對母親聲音的最細小變化都很敏感。

My teeth are really sensitive to hot and cold.我的牙齒對冷熱真的很敏感。

2) surround vt. 包圍;環繞, 圍繞

You will discover that you are surrounded by happiness.你會發現,幸福其實就是在你身邊。

The video images made the visitors feel they were surrounded with wild life.這些圖像給參觀者產生身處野生動物之中的感覺。

【語法點撥】have sth done有三種含義:1)請別人做某事,相當於get sth done 2)遭受一種不幸3)完成某項工作;在這一結構中,done做賓補,和賓語sth之間是被動關係。如:

We had the computer repaired immediately.我們立刻請人把電腦修好了。

I had my watch stolen last night.昨晚我的手錶被偷了。

另外,have sb do...讓某人去做……,have sb doing讓一直做……;在這兩個結構中,do和doing和賓語之間都是主動關係。如:

I would have my friend wait for me at the gate of the park.我要朋友在公園門口等我。

The two men had their lights burning all night long. 那兩個人讓燈通宵亮著。

2、At nine o’clock on Saturday morning, I’ll be sitting in the front row and listening to the great professor Willard talking about the future of my brain.

【句式翻譯】星期六上午九點鐘,我將會坐在前排,聆聽偉大的威拉德教授談論大腦的未來發展。

【句式分析】本句是簡單句,運用了將來進行時,含有一個複合賓語的結構,talking about…在句中作賓補。

【詞語點撥】listen vi. 聽(後面常接介詞to)

Whatever you said, he simply wouldn’t listen.你怎麼說他也不聽.

We’re going to listen to a report this afternoon.今天下午我們要去聽報告。

【語法點撥】將來進行時的構成:will be doing,表示“將來某一時間正在進行的動作,或表示要在將來某一時間開始,並繼續下去的動作”。常用延續性動詞,常用來表示禮貌的詢問、請求等。如:

The minister will be giving a speech on international affairs.部長將就國際事務發表演講。

Please don’t call me between 8:00 and 10:00 tomorrow. I’ll be having my classes then. 明天8點到10點之間請不要給我打電話,我那時正在上課。

3、Margaret, married with two small children, has been working for the last seven years as a night cleaner, cleaning offices in a big building.

【句式翻譯】瑪格麗特,已婚,帶著兩個孩子,七年來一直在做清潔工,晚上給一座大樓裡的辦公室打掃衛生。

【句式分析】本句是簡單句,運用了現在完成進行時,包含有兩個非謂語短語,married with…在句中作後置定語,cleaning offices作伴隨狀語。

【詞語點撥】marry v. (使)結婚;嫁;娶

Because of her beauty, she has managed to marry above her.由於貌美,她得以嫁給一個地位比她高的人。

I'm sure Jack was sincere when he said he wanted to marry you.我相信傑克說想娶你是真心的。

They got married to each other against their parents’ wishes.他倆的結合違背了各自父母的願望。

【語法點撥】現在完成進行時的構成:has/have been doing。表示“一個動作從過去某個時間開始,延續到現在,並且還有可能持續下去”。如:

You have been sitting in front of that computer too long.你在電腦前坐的時間太長了。

No wonder he is so tired. He has been working all day.難怪他這麼累,他工作一天了。

4、Ever since they were first put on the market in the early 1990s, genetically modified (GM 轉基因) foods have been increasingly developed and marketed in many countries in the world, mainly on the basis of their promise to end the worldwide food crisis.

【句式翻譯】自從二十世紀九十年代早期首次投入市場以來,轉基因食物就不斷地在很多國家開發和銷售,主要是基於想要結束世界糧食危機。

【句式分析】本句是一個含有since引導的時間狀語從句的複合句,have been developed and marketed…是現在完成時的被動語態形式。

【詞語點撥】basis n. 基礎;構成短語:on the basis of 以……為基礎

Don’t evaluate a person on the basis of appearance.不要以相貌取人。

Mr. Smith goes to the gym on a regular basis.史密斯先生定期去健身房。

5、The book, “Love and Capital” from 2011, humanizes Marx, and shows him as a flawed family man who likely never would have produced his world-changing writings if it weren’t for his long-suffering wife, Jenny.

解析:

1.此句包含並列句、定語從句和if虛擬語氣;

2.who引導定語從句,做主語,指代family man;

3.if引導的錯綜型虛擬語氣,(主句:過去虛擬;從句:現在虛擬);

4.humanize:v. 使人性化

flawed:adj.有瑕疵的

long-suffering:堅忍的

翻譯:

2011年出版的《愛與資本》一書賦予馬克思更具人性化的一面,還向我們講述了像他這樣一個對家庭有瑕疵的丈夫,如果不是因為與他共患難不離不棄的妻子珍妮的支持,他可能永遠也創作不出改變世界的著作。

6、We cannot be satisfied merely with makeshift arrangements which will tide us over the present emergencies. We must devise plans that will not merely alleviate the ills of today, but will prevent, as far as it is humanly possible to do so, their recurrence in the future.
解析:
1.兩個句子都包含定語從句;
2.which引導定語從句,做主語,指代arrangement;
3.that引導定語從句,做主語,指代plans;
4.satisfy with:對......滿意/滿足
makeshift:adj.暫時的
arrangement:n.安排,計劃
tide over:渡過難關,克服
emergency:n.緊急狀況
devise:v.計劃,設計
alleviate:v.緩解,減輕
as far as:就......而言,遠至,關於
recurrence:n.重現,復發
翻譯:
我們不能僅滿足於那些幫我們渡過眼前危機的權宜之計,還必須制定行之有效的長遠計劃,不但要解決目前存在的弊病,而且要儘可能地防止其將來捲土重來,導致人們重蹈覆轍。

7、When we share a common purpose, when we feel a common urgency , when we hear a call for help that we are able to answer, most of us will step up and come together.

解析:

1.此句包含並列狀語從句和定語從句;

2.when引導時間狀語從句,譯為“當......時”;

3.that引導定語從句,做賓語,指代help;

4.purpose:n.目標,決心,原因

urgency:n.緊迫,緊急

be able to do:能夠做……

step up:加快,提升,增加

翻譯:

當我們有共同的目標時,當我們感到緊迫感時,當我們收到迫切的需求並都能對其施於援手時,凝聚力就會匯聚到我們心裡。

8、Even if the world were to cut emissions enough to keep global warming below 1.5°C, heatwaves would intensify in Africa and diseases such as malaria would spread to areas that are not currently affected.

解析:

1.此句包含虛擬語氣和定語從句;

2.even if引導的虛擬讓步狀語從句,同if虛擬用法一致,這裡是對將來的虛擬(從句:were to do;主句:would do);

3.that引導定語從句,做主語,指代areas;

4.emission:n.排放物,排放量

heatwave:n.熱浪

intensify:v.增強,加劇

such as:例如

malaria:n.瘧疾

spread:v.傳播,蔓延

翻譯:

即使世界減少排放量足以使全球變暖保持在1.5°C以下,非洲的熱浪仍會加劇,瘧疾等疾病也會蔓延到目前未受影響的地區。

9、Public-health experts have spent decades preparing for a pandemic, and SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, was an ideal candidate: easily transmissible, severe enough to overwhelm hospitals, and lethal enough to kill en masse while continuing to spread.

解析:

1.此句包含並列句,同位語和定語從句;

2.the virus...COVID-19是SARS-CoV-2的同位語(屬於插入語的一種),對其進行說明;

3.that引導定語從句,做主語,指代virus;

4.spend...doing sth.:花費......做sth.

prepare for:為......做準備

pandemic:n.大流行

candidate:n.候選人

transmissible:adj.傳染的,傳送的

severe:adj.嚴重的

overwhelm:v.覆蓋,淹沒,壓倒,制服

lethal:adj.致命的

en masse:大量,一大群

翻譯:

公共衛生專家已經花了幾十年的時間為大流行做足了預防準備,導致COVID-19的SARS-CoV-2病毒正好符合大流行特徵:易於傳播,不僅嚴重到使醫院不堪重負,而且其致命性,足以在殺死大量人群的同時繼續傳播。

10、It also costs a lot to transport food to cities, which pushes up prices and in turn forces up wages in factories, making it hard for them to compete on global markets.

解析:

1.此句包含定語從句和非謂語知識點;

2.which引導非限制性定語從句,在從句中做主語,指代先行句;

3.making在這裡做定語,表主動;

4.transport:v.運輸

push up:提高

in turn:反之,輪流

force:v.迫使,強迫

翻譯:

將食物運到城市也會花費很多,這推高了價格,反過來又抬高了工廠的工資,使他們難以在全球市場上競爭。

11、At present, ventilation is about the only way doctors have to treat those who are seriously ill from the novel coronavirus, and the shortage of available machines is terrifying.

解析:

1.此句包含兩個定語從句和一個並列句;

2.第一個是省關係詞的定語從句,當先行詞為the way時,關係詞可省略;

3.第二個定語從句由who引導,在從句中作主語,指代先行詞those;

4.at present:現在

ventilation:n. 通風

shortage of:缺少

available:adj. 可用的

terrifying:adj. 令人恐懼的,可怕的;

terrified:adj. 感到可怕的

翻譯:

現在,通風大概是醫生治療新冠肺炎重病患者的唯一方法,而可用機器的短缺也令人擔憂。

12、Online courses can be an asset when students cannot be in school, but she reckons that they are “suboptimal for most” and argues that long periods of time spent away from actual schools will probably lead to children’s education suffering.

解析:

1.此句包含狀語從句,並列句,賓語從句和非謂語知識點;

2.when引導時間狀語從句,譯為“當……時”;

3.that引導賓語從句,分別做reckon和argue的賓語;

4.非謂語動詞spent與time是被動關係,此處用過去分詞表示;

5.asset:n.資產,有用的東西

reckon:v.認為,當作,估計

suboptimal:adj.未達到最佳標準的,不是最滿意的

lead to:導致

翻譯:

她認為:在線課程在學生不能上學的時候可以成為一種資源,但對大多數人來說卻不是最理想的,並指出,孩子離開學校的時間過長將可能造成他們的學習痛苦。

13、Isaac Asimov’s work, from what’s known as the golden age of science fiction, presents optimistic visions of the future in which machines and the universe itself are governed by laws people can identify and understand.

解析:

1.此句包含插入語和兩個定語從句;

2.第一個定語從句由介詞+which引導;第二個省略關係詞which/that(限制性定語從句中關係詞做賓語時可省略)

3.be known as:被認為,以……著稱

science fiction:科幻小說

present in:出現於,存在於

vision:n.幻想,想象

identify:v.認同

翻譯:

阿西莫夫的作品出自以科幻小說著稱的黃金時代,表達出對未來的樂觀幻想:一個機器和宇宙自身可以被人類認同和理解的法律管理的未來。

14、On the downside, the snow burned out the village’s electrical transformer, cutting her access to online classes that have replaced normal lessons since covid-19 closed schools across China weeks ago.

解析:

1.此句包含非謂語動詞,定語從句和狀語從句;

2.現在分詞cutting與謂語動詞burn同時發生,且與snow是主動關係,故用ing形式;

3.that引導定語從句,做主語指代先行詞online classes;

4.since引導時間狀語從句,譯為“自從……以來”(主句多用現在完成時);

5.on the downside:缺點是,不利的一面

burn out:燒壞,燒盡

transformer:n.變壓器

access to:進入,接近,使用

replace:v.取代

翻譯:

不利的一面是,積雪燒燬了該村莊的電力變壓器,使她無法參加在線課程,這些課程取代了幾周前在中國各地發生的covid-19封閉學校以來的正常課程。

15、Should the virus have indeed slipped past India’s barriers, there is little reason to think it will follow a different course from elsewhere.

解析:

1.此句包含省if的虛擬語氣和賓語從句;

2.if引導虛擬語氣,可省略,此時were、had、should應提前;

3.賓語從句(it...elsewhere),此處省略了that.

4.slip:v.滑過,使滑動

barrier:n.障礙物,屏障,界限

course:n.道路,課程,過程

elsewhere:adv.在別處,到別處

翻譯:

如果該病毒確實已經越過印度的壁壘,則沒有理由認為它會走與其他國家不同的道路。


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