暑假系列：零基礎教你學英語—關於名詞單數變複數的規則

英語中名詞的用法相對於漢語而言還是比較複雜的。看英語小說，碰到：The baby took the mother’s hand with its hands,就知道孩子是用兩隻小手抓著媽媽的一隻手。在英語裡，有時數目字可以不出現，只用單複數來表示，也就清楚了。

漢語名詞，除了“先生們”“同學們”之類，在大多數情況下不用複數。而英語名詞的單複數則是變化多端，及其複雜，因此我們對英語名詞的單複數不能不作深入的研究並養成使用習慣。

一、絕大多數的可數名詞的複數形式，是在該詞末尾加上後輟-s。

讀音變化：結尾是清輔音讀[s]，結尾是濁輔音或元音讀[z]。

例：

friend→friends;

cat→cats;

style→styles;

sport→sports;

piece→pieces

二、凡是以s、z、x、ch、sh結尾的詞，在該詞末尾加上後輟-es構成複數。

讀音變化：統一加讀[iz]。

例：

bus→buses;

quiz→quizzes;

fox→foxes;

match→matches;

flash→flashes

讀音變化：加讀[z]。

例：

candy→candies;

daisy→daisies;

fairy→fairies;

lady→ladies;

story→stories

四、以-o結尾的名詞，如果不是外來詞或縮寫，就加-es，否則加-s構成複數。

讀音變化：加讀[z]。

例：

tomato→tomatoes;

potato→potatoes;

torpedo→torpedoes;

bingo→bingoes

反例：

silo→silos;

piano→pianos（外來詞）;

photo→photos;

macro→macros（縮寫詞）

五、以-f或-fe結尾的名詞，多為將-f或-fe改變為-ves，但有例外。

讀音變化：尾音[f]改讀[vz]。

例：

knife→knives;

life→lives;

leaf→leaves;

staff→staves;

scarf→scarves

反例：

roof→roofs

六、以-us結尾的名詞（多為外來詞），通常將-us改變為-i構成複數。

讀音變化：尾音[Es]改讀[ai]，其中[kEs]要改讀為[sai]，[gEs]要改讀為[dVai]。

例：

fungus→fungi;

abacus→abaci;

focus→foci;

cactus→cacti;

cestus→cesti

七、以-is結尾的名詞，通常將-is改變為-es。

讀音變化：尾音[is]改讀[i:z]。

例：

axis→axes;

basis→bases;

naris→nares;

hypothesis→hypotheses;

restis→restes

八、以-ix結尾的名詞，通常將-ix改變為-ices，但有例外。

讀音變化：尾音[iks]改讀[isi:z]。

例：

matrix→matrices;

directrix→directrices;

calix→calices;

appendix→appendices

反例：

affix→affixes

九、以-um結尾的名詞，將-um改變為-a。

讀音變化：去掉鼻尾音。

例：

forum→fora;

stadium→stadia;

aquarium→aquaria;

datum→data;

vacuum→vacua

十、以-a結尾的名詞，在該詞末尾加上後輟-e。

讀音變化：尾音[E]改讀[i:]。

例：

larva→larvae;

formula→formulae;

ala→alae;

media→mediae;

hydra→hydrae

十一、部分單詞的複數形式不變。

讀音變化：保持原音。

例：

fish→fish;

sheep→sheep;

cattle→cattle;

deer→deer;

salmon→salmon

十二、極少數單詞，其複數形式沒有任何規律。

讀音變化：沒有規律。

例：

man→men;

woman→women;

child→children;

person→people;

ox→oxen

十三、一些單數詞得加en才能變成複數詞：

例：

ox→oxen;

child→children;

brother→brethren（同胞們，兄弟們）

十四、一些單數詞得改頭換面一番,才能變成複數詞

例：

analysis→analyses分析;

basis→bases基礎;

datum→data數據;

foot→feet;

formula→formulae/formulas公式;

goose→geese;

louse→lice蝨子;

man→men

mouse→mice;

medium→media/mediums媒介;

memorandum→memoranda/memorandums備忘錄;

parenthesis→parentheses 圓括號;

phenomenon→phenomena現象;

radius→radii 半徑

tooth→teeth;

woman→women

十五、有些名詞是單數、複數不分的

例：

deer;

fish;

cannon;

sheep;

salmon 鮭魚;

trout 鱒魚

十六、一些名詞雖分單數、複數，但出現次數多的總是單數詞

例：

abscence;

clothing;

film;

help;

furniture傢俱;

machinery機械;

news;

scenery風景;

sugar;

traffic交通

十七、另一些名詞則以複數詞出現的機會較多

例：

bellows風箱;

clothes;

police;

shorts短褲;

scissors剪刀;

spectacles眼鏡;

shears大剪刀

trousers長褲;

wages工資

十八、compoundnouns，這類複數詞是以主要的名詞來表示

例：

daughter-in-law→daughters-in-law 媳婦;

father-in-law→fathers-in-law岳父

man-of-war→men-of-war兵艦;

maid-servant→maid-servants

step-son→step-sons晚子;

son-in-law→sons-in-law

十九、若表達具體數目，要藉助數量詞

例：

pair(對，雙);

suit(套);

a pair of glasses;

two pairs oftrousers

二十、另外還有一些名詞，其複數形式有時可表示特別意思，

例：

goods貨物，

waters水域，

fishes（各種）魚

二十一、除人民幣元、角、分外，美元、英鎊、法郎等都有複數形式。

例：

a dollar,

two dollars;

a meter,

two meters

heroes,

potatoes,

tomatoes,

echoes,

tornadoes,

torpedoes,

dominoes,

vetoes,

mosquitoes,

Negroes,

mangoes,

buffaloes,

volcanoes

但下面幾類詞只加s：

1.以“元音+o”或“oo”結尾的詞

如:

videos,

radios,

studios,

folios,

oratorios,

embryos,

zoos,

bamboos,

kangaroos,

taboos

2.一些外來詞，特別是音樂方面的詞，

如：

pianos,

solos,

concertos,

tobaccos,

mottos,

cellos

3.一些縮寫詞和專有名詞，

如：

kilos,

photos,

memos,

micros,

Eskimos,

Filipnos

有個別詞加兩種詞尾都可以，

如：

archipelago(e)s,

halo(e)s,

cargoes(英），

cargos(美）

名詞由單數變成複數的練習

寫出下列名詞複數

leaf______puppy_______box_______knife_______fly______

fox______ bus______ bench_____ brush_____kiss______

church______dish_____ ruler______peach________glass_____

pencil________boy______zoo______man______roof_______

sheep_______knife______lady______key______story______

watch______bamboo______city______family______day_____

apple_______eraser______speech______thief______mouse______

fish_____ goose____people______ox_____Chinese_______

deer_______foot______child_______tooth_______guy________

hero_______spy______boss_____monkey______ city ______

goat ______ radio ________ horse ______ dog______

用所給的單詞的複數的正確形式填空：

1There are so many________(wolf)in the forest.

2There are three ______(chair) in the classroom.

3These _______(tomato) are red.

4______(hero) are great.

5My brother looks after two ______(baby)

6There are some ______(deer) eating thegrass.

7My father likes to eat _______(potato).

8Chinese ______(people)like to eat noodles.

9I have a lot of ______(toy) in my bedroom.

10I help my mother wash ______(dish) in thekitchen.

11I have two ______(pencil-box).

12There are some ______(bus)in the street.

13Peter has eight _____(foot).

14Linda has three _______(tooth).

15There are some ______(child) in the garden.

16Michael likes the ______(mouse).

17There are some ______(goose)in the river.

18My uncle and father are _____(man).

19Tom and King are _____(boy).

20Linda has three ______(tooth).

選出正確形式

1．I can see three ________ in the zoo.

A monkeys

B monkeys

C monkey

2.The pig has four ______.

A. foot

B. feet

C. foots

3.My two brothers are both ______.

A. policeman

B. policemans

C. policemen

4.There are four ___________ in the class.

A. Japanese

B. Japaneses

C. Japan

5.I can see ten _____ in the picture.

A. sheep B. dog C. pig

6.The _____ has three______.

A. boys, watches

B. boy, watch

C. boy, watches

7.C an you see _______on the plate?

A.bread

B.breads

C.breades

8.The girl often brushes her_____ before she goes to bed.

A. tooth

B. tooths

C. teeth

9.Mr Black often drink some _________.

A. milk

B. milks

C.milkes

10.There are some _____ on the floor.

A. child

B. water

C. books

11. _______ will learn English.

A. Woman

B. Women

C. Man

12.Lucy will show us some new ____ of hers.

A. photo

B. photos

C. photoes

13. I drank two ______.

A. bottles of orange

B. bottle of orange

C. bottles of oranges

14.The cat eats two ______ last night.

A. mouses

B. mice

C. mouse

15.I need a pen and some _____.

A.books

B.desk

C.chair

16 Jim was late for two classes this morning.He said that he forgot both of the ______.

A. rooms number

B. Room number

C. Room’s number

D. Room numbers

17. The newly-built library is a ______ building.

A. five-storey

B. five storeys

C. five-storey’s

D. five storeys’

18. --- Whose umbrella is it?--- It’s _______.

A. somebody else’s

B. Somebody else

C. Somebody’s else’s

D. Somebody’s else

19. I feel terribly hot, What’s the _____?

A. temperature of room

B. Room’s temperature

C. Room temperature

D. Temperature of room’s

20. _______ will make a trip around the world during the coming Christmas.

A. The Evens

B. The Evens’

C. The Evenses

D. The Evenses’

21.The girl talking to Mary is a friend of ________.

A. Mary’s sister

B. Mary sister’s

C. Mary’s sister’s

D. sister of Mary’s

22. The woman over there is ______ mother.

A. Julia and Shelley’s

B. Julia’s and Shelley’s

C. Julia and Shelley

D. Julia’s andShelley

23. He is very tired. He needs ______.

A. a night rest

B. a rest night

C. a night’s rest

D. a rest of night

24． ---Excuse me，where are _______ offices?---Over there．

A． teacher’s

B． teachers’

C． the teacher’s

D． the teachers’

25． Today is September 10th. It’s_____ Day. Let’s go and buy some flowersfor our teachers.

A. Teacher

B. Teachers’

C. the Teachers’

D. Teacher’s

注：名詞的格

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