寫完結果results之後，我們來歸納一下論文的discussion/conclusion。首先，看一下results 和conclusion的區別。
Result：側重因某種原因所產生的最終結果。
Conclusion：強調仔細思考做出的推論或結論，或者某事的結局。
所以，result更側重的是客觀描述what，而conclusion就要包含作者的思考和探究，更側重how和why。
因此，在這一部分主要是針對所研究的問題或者假設提出作者認為的答案，是對本篇論文闡述的內容以及所得出的發現做出高屋建瓴的解釋, 以及對當前解決方法不足的討論和對未來的展望。
按照一貫推崇的套路寫法，這一部分也可以分為“四步走”。
第一步：在初始段落中，簡要回顧一下目標或研究問題。然後，通過總結主要發現，介紹引言最後一段提出的問題的答案。具體討論主要研究結果，因為它們涉及研究問題，而避免從結果部分重述數據的細節。這部分最多寫六個句子：一句話重申研究的目的；一句話說明主要方法；總結主要發現的2-3句話；一句話說明主要結論。當然最好能用更為簡練的語言的闡述，以三句為佳。
看這個例子：
We have shown that XXX methods can achieve an order-of-magnitude acceleration in hemodynamic response sampling by combining dense head coil array parallel data acquisition with distributed source modeling. (reiterating the purpose of the study重申研究的目的) Applying XXX to study the visual system using an event-related design, we found that the method is both sensitive and reliable, as demonstrated in the individual participant and group average results (stating the main approach + main findings 說明主要方法和發現). Localization accuracy was examined by comparing the XXX and conventional EPI task-related activity in primary visual cortex, with the comparison revealing a good spatial match (approximately 5 mm) between the two methods (main findings 主要發現). Our results in the visual cortex show a faster BOLD-contrast response compared to conventional EPI (stating the main conclusions 主要結論).
第二步：解釋你的結果，為自己的答案提供支持和論據。討論文獻中根據已有信息得出的關鍵結果。引用相關作品，比較和解釋你的發現。討論任何意想不到的發現，並就該發現提出建議。陳述此項發現對於臨床和/或科學含義。如果你需要總結出版文獻的主要發現，請注意確保：這些文獻質量很好（頂級期刊/英文刊物）；所提供的信息是具體的；從外部來源獲得的所有信息都被適當和一致地引用；得出準確的結論。
看看例子：
Our results in the visual cortex show a faster BOLD-contrast response compared to conventional EPI. This is comparable to previous results (Janz et al., 1997; Pfeuffer et al., 2002). In comparison to previous studies, XXX methods exhibit two principal advantages……. (討論文獻中根據已有信息得出的關鍵結果。引用相關作品，比較和解釋你的發現。)
We found that XXX acquisition and reconstruction had sufficient sensitivity to reliably detect task-related activity in primary visual areas with high temporal resolution; we also found in this study that we had reduced false positive activation compared to our first XXX attempts (Lin et al., 2006a). This is because the current implementation has better matching between the reference scan and the XXX scan: both scans used the same 3D RF excitation, frequency encoding, and phase encoding. The only difference is that the reference scan had partition encoding steps, but the XXX scans did not. The improved matching between the reference scans and the XXX acquisitions, as quantified… It helps to generate a better reconstruction with higher sensitivity and reduced false positive activation. (解釋你的發現，如果有意想不到甚至是不盡如人意的結果， 都不要逃避。 討論這些發現，並就該發現提出建議。陳述此項發現對於臨床和/或科學含義)
這第二部分可以擴展，取決於你想討論的內容。如果需要，也使用子標題。
第三步：在不影響本項研究有效性的前提下，對研究的侷限性和弱點進行一段說明。討論研究的侷限性和未來可能的研究發現，其目的是解決目前研究存在的弱點。如果可以採用合適語言做出合理的實名，這樣的討論反而會增加文章可讀性和文章的含金量。
However, D and D* were not equal to ADC b50–750 and ADC b0–50 in absolute value, respectively. This discrepancy may be attributed to the limitation imposed by the MR software used in this study in which the minimum b value was restricted to….. appropriate combination of b values for the separation of perfusion and diffusion must be investigated in detail. However, many clinical MR systems may limit the arbitrary setting used in the magnitude and/or the number of b values.
第四步：一個很簡短的總結，將結論與本項研究的目標聯繫起來並進行強化。
結語部分，有些雜誌可能需要單獨的子標題（Conclusion）自成一節，寫作時要注意具體要求。
這一部分主要是1-2句總結作者目前研究的主要發現：一句描述主要結論，一句描述潛在影響。特別注意的是，在沒有可靠數據支持的情況下， 切不要誇大調查結果或給出不相關甚至是錯誤的結論。
We divided the normal ADC of human skeletal muscle into ADC b0–50 and ADCb50–750 based on the finding that there were two straight lines with different slopes in the SI vs. b-value logarithmic plots for skeletal muscle. Regardless of the muscle studied, the value of ADCb0–50, reflecting both diffusion and perfusion, was significantly higher than that of ADCb50–750, which approximates a true diffusion coefficient for skeletal muscle……Further research on the relationship of ADC with skeletal muscle architecture, fiber type, physiological function, metabolism, maturation level, aging and muscle injury is necessary for the application of DWI in clinical medicine and sports sciences.
以上的四步走就是寫作Discussion/Conclusion部分的套路。
在結束之前還需要提醒大家一些常犯的錯誤。
- 討論太長或太短，並且提出太多與當前研究無關的猜測；
- 太過廣泛的文獻綜述；
- 討論了沒有在Results結果部分中提供的數據結果；
- 未討論意外或差異性的發現，或誇大當前發現的重要性；
轉自：科學寫作那點事
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