內容轉自：專築網
由專築網李韌，邢子編譯
Image Courtesy of Open Architecture
建築師應該瞭解的45個建築專業術語
45 Construction Terms & Concepts All Architects Should Know
就大多數畢業生來說，在學校的所學遠遠不夠，因為許多內容在學校裡無法接觸，那是來源於大量實踐的經驗。在項目現場，你甚至能夠聽到許多曾經聞所未聞的一些專業術語。
也許一本建築術語大全可以幫助解決很多問題，但是在實際項目中攜帶起來並不方便，除非你能夠對《Cyril M Harris' Dictionary of Architecture and Construction》之中25000個常用術語倒背如流。所以你不妨來看看小編為大家整理的45個建築師必備的常見術語。
1、全部利率：在施工中，這個術語指的是項目總費用，其中包括直接成本和間接成本，同樣地，這個詞也運用於金融界。
2、駐場建築師：這個詞語代表的可以是一個建築事務所，也可以是某位建築師，但這位建築師必須獲得相應的施工許可證書。另外，駐場建築師並不一定參與設計工作，因為有時候真正的設計者不便於來到現場，那麼這時候就需要僱傭一名駐場建築師，在現場完成相應的工作。
3、斜撐（牆體）：這不是指蛋糕上的奶油，在建築中，這是一種傾斜的構件，有的建築師會將其用作結構的支撐部分，而有的則將其用作裝飾。
4、鎖閉（施工）：這個詞明顯來源於“砌塊（BLOCK）”，是指在木構建築中運用的短木塊。這裡是指施工人員運用鎖閉技術進行填充、連接、加固結構體系。
For most recent graduates, it quickly becomes evident that what you learn in architecture school is not necessarily enough to become a confident architect. Some things can’t be taught in classrooms at all; instead, they're acquired through years of work on site and solving construction problems first-hand. Among the many things you learn on site are the terminologies used by construction workers that can sound like absolute nonsense to architects at first.
An architecture dictionary might seem like a superb idea, but in practice wouldn't be convenient on a construction site—unless you can memorize the useful entries out of the 25,000 terms in Cyril M Harris' Dictionary of Architecture and Construction. Alternatively, here’s a more manageable list of 45 construction terms and concepts every architect should know.
1. All-in Rate: In Construction, the term means the total expenses for an item, which include all the direct and indirect costs. The term is also used in the financial sector.
2. Architect of Record: This term signifies the name of the architecture firm, or architect, whose name has been listed on the issued construction permits. However, “architects of record” are not necessarily the people behind the design. There are times when high-profile architects who don't have an office near to their construction site hire “architects of record,” handing them the responsibility of working on-site or using their expertise in a specific field.
3. Batter (Walls): No, not cake batter, sadly. In architecture, batter means an inward inclination or slope of a wall or structure. Some architects choose this design to provide structural strength while others choose it for decorative purposes.
4. Blocking (Construction): Evidently, the term is derived from “blocks,” and means the use of short pieces or off-cuts of lumber in wooden-framed construction. Construction workers use the blocking technique for filling, spacing, joining, or reinforcing structures.
Image © Wikimedia user billbeee licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0
5、箱體：這就好像是堆疊遊戲的最後一個步驟，但是並沒有那種心理壓力。箱體是一個臨時構件，主要是在施工中進行結構加固，或是為較大的體量增加額外的支持。其建造材料常常是木條。由於其特殊的功能，箱體也常用於電影製作中的穩定平臺和拍攝軌道。
6、建築工程師：施工中的MVP。他們瞭解一切施工過程，並且為施工的每個步驟負責。就不同國家來說，建築工程師也各不相同，一般來說，他們精通施工、技術、設計、評估、維護。
7、斜面（建築）：顧名思義，就是傾斜的線條或者表面，例如建築的邊緣倒角。這種設計方式在巴洛克建築中應用廣泛，有著很好的連貫性。
8、災難性失敗：也許這個術語表達得不夠明顯，“災難性失敗”的意思是突然產生且不可恢復的建築事故。目前來說，這個術語在諸如化學、槍械、系統等領域中也常常被運用。
9、混凝土蓋板：這個詞與鋼筋混凝土有關，並且代表了安裝鋼筋和混凝土外部面層之間的最小距離。混凝土蓋板有著多重功能，例如保護鋼筋不受腐蝕、提供隔熱性能，並且有著足夠的嵌入距離，可以增大鋼筋強度。
10、混凝土面板：這是在大多數結構中所使用的結構構件，是指水平放置的平均10至40釐米厚的混凝土面板，主要用於地板和天花板。另外還有一些其他的板面設計，諸如波紋板、肋形板等等，不同的面板對設計和耐力都有不同的要求。
5. Box Crib: Think of this as the final steps of a game of Jenga, but without the anxiety of a collapse. Instead, box cribs are temporary elements used to reinforce and add additional support to heavy objects during construction.The material used to create box cribs are often wooden bars. Due to their practicality, box crib forms are also used in film productions for stabilizing platforms and dolly tracks.
6. Building Engineer: The MVPs of construction. They know it all, and are responsible for most of what goes on during construction. Building engineers differ from one country to another, but are mainly the experts of construction, technology, design, assessment, and maintenance, all at once.
7. Cant (Architecture): Or canted, is an oblique or angled line of a surface. Think of it as chamfering the edges of a building's plan. This design was heavily used in Baroque architecture to create a continuous feel to the composition.
8. Catastrophic Failure: If the term wasn’t obvious enough, “catastrophic failures” are abrupt, irrecoverable construction mishaps. The term has been extended to other domains, and is now used for chemical engineering, firearms, and cascading system failures.
9. Concrete Cover: The term is linked to reinforced concrete and is the least distance between the installed reinforcement and the outer surface of the concrete. The concrete cover has several vital purposes, including protecting the reinforced steel bars from corrosion, providing thermal insulation, and providing sufficient embedding for the steel bars to function as reinforcement.
10. Concrete Slab: One of the few construction elements that is used in the vast majority of all structures, a concrete slab is the thick (average of 10-40 cm) horizontal concrete platform which is created to construct the floor or ceiling. There are several slab designs (corrugated, ribbed, waffle, one-way) and each one corresponds to the design or endurance required.
Image © Takao Shiotsuka Atelier
11、課程（建築）：這與在建築學院所學的課程不同，這個術語主要用來描述連續的砌體。無論是石材、磚塊、混凝土砌塊，它們都有不同的砌築方向和類型。
11. Course (Architecture): Other than the class you take in architecture school, a course is the term used to describe a continuous row of masonry. Whether it’s stones, bricks, or concrete blocks, a course can have several orientations and types.
Image via pxhere (public domain)
12、交叉支撐：交叉支撐主要應用於結構構件之中，能夠提升結構的強度。X形鋼筋能夠有效地防止建築在經受地震等自然災害時的坍塌。
13、隨挖隨填：在鐵路和運河的施工中，施工人員會挖掘山坡來放置鐵軌，而這些挖掘之後的土壤就會用於堤壩，這樣能夠減少勞動工作量。這種方法適用於任意尺寸的施工現場。
14、防潮：潮溼是常見的建築問題，因此防潮措施也是就結構而言，目的是放置多餘的水分被牆體吸收而進入室內。根據結構構件的不同性質，工人們可以在不同材料製作而成的板面上增加防潮層，從而起到防潮、防變質、防腐化的作用。
15、設計建造：在大多數項目中，由於不同團隊之間的配合問題，項目的施工常常會被延遲。而設計建造的理念則來源於施工團隊即設計團隊。這就是一個項目交付系統，在其中設計和施工是“點對點”的責任機制，這樣能夠大大降低生產成本，並且按時交付項目。
12. Cross Bracing: Cross bracing is a structural component used to improve the endurance of a structure. The X-shaped reinforcement can prevent a building from collapsing completely in case of earthquakes, or a wooden chair from falling apart.
13. Cut and Fill: While creating railways and canals, construction workers would create cut slopes (like a mini valley) to install the railways. The soil that’s been moved, the fills, would subsequently create adjacent embankments, minimizing the labor. The approach is now frequently used on construction sites of any size.
14. Damp Proofing: since dampness is among the most common construction problems, damp proofing is a procedure done to the structure to prevent potential moisture from being absorbed by walls and entering the interior. Depending on the nature of the structure and the damp problems it might face, a wide variety of materials can be applied onto the slab, under the final finishing, or even as a surface to act as damp proofing and prevent any spoilage.
15. Design-build: In most projects, construction is frequently delayed due to time conflicts between two (or more) teams involved. The idea behind design-build is that the same team who designs the project constructs it as well. It is a project delivery system in which the design and the construction are considered “single-point-responsibility,” reducing costs and delivering the project on time.
Image via Unsplash (public domain)
16、對角線網格：這個術語顧名思義，就是對角線和網格的意思。例如斜向交叉的鋼樑，也可以是木樑或混凝土梁，這能夠減少傳統鋼框架中的鋼材數量。
17、裝箱：在施工現場，裝箱表達兩個含義，其一，下水道及其他地下管道由於某些結構原因需要包裹於混凝土之中，第二，這個術語同樣也應用於一些危險材料的打包過程，例如石棉。
18、腳手架：腳手架主要用於大型拱形結構和橋樑之中，這是一種臨時結構，一般在施工或維修過程中起到支撐和連通作用。
19、模板：模板和腳手架常常同時應用。這是由混凝土製作而成的臨時構件，通過模板的使用可以讓建築呈現預期的形態。
20、接頭（建築）： 接頭存在於兩種不同的材料之間，並且這兩種結構材料之間沒有其他的物理連接，它們只是相鄰或重疊。
16. Diagrid: The idea behind “diagrid” is pretty simple: diagonal + grid. Diagrids are diagonally intersecting steel beams (occasionally wooden or concrete), which help reduce the amount of steel used in traditional steel framing.
17. Encasement: On a construction site, encasement might refer to one of two things: in some situations, sewers and other underground pipes may need to be enclosed in a concrete encasement for structural reasons; or, the term might be applied to the process of encasing hazardous materials already installed in a structure such as asbestos.
18. Falsework: Mostly used for large arch structures and bridges, falsework is a temporary structure constructed to support and hold the span during construction or repairs.
19. Formwork: Formwork is falsework’s best friend. It is the construction of a temporary structure into which concrete is poured for it to be settled and set in the desired form.
20. Joint (building): Joints are inserted between two distinct materials in a structure which do not have any physical connection to one another but are either aligned next to each other or overlap.
Image by Pearson Scott Foresman via Wikimedia (public domain)
21、託梁：這是大跨度結構的關鍵構件，因為它能夠將荷載從梁傳遞至支柱，這些構件垂直於梁水平放置，並且與地面的柱子相連接。
22、精益建造：對於新開發的項目進行仔細地研究，從而減少浪費不必要的材料、時間、精力，提高項目的整體效率。
23、升板施工法：也名為“Youtz-Slick”法，這種方法能夠保證項目的效率和安全。混凝土面板澆築於地面層，然後通過千斤頂將其提升到指定位置。這種方法不僅能夠有效地節約時間，同時可以避免工人在較高樓層使用模板從而產生危險。
24、懸臂塔（建築）：懸臂塔由木材建造而成，通過懸臂延伸向外部，用於支撐施工中的屋頂保護層。
25、地下排水溝裝置： 這是使用60釐米長、6釐米寬的鋼製排水系統，也是一種插入地下為管道、加熱線圈、熱泵系統形成空間的氣動驅動裝置，並且不需要多餘的溝槽。
26、單層混凝土構件：單層混凝土的施工是採用預製混凝土板，通過螺栓連接在一起，然後形成混凝土構件。
27、性能差距：比如，你在週末之前希望能夠完成3個方案設計，但是最終也許只能完成其中之一，這就是性能差距，也就是說某項工作最終完成程度並沒有符合預期。這其中有環境、工藝、人員等多種原因。
21. Joist: Joists are crucial components of a wide-span structure, as they help transfer the load from the beams to the vertical columns and studs. These horizontal elements are connected perpendicularly to the beams (horizontally) and joined (vertically) to the columns.
22. Lean Construction: A newly developed delivery system in which a study is conducted to minimize the waste of material, time, and effort, resulting in an efficient project.
23. Lift Slab Construction: Also known as the Youtz-Slick method, the lift slab method ensures time efficiency and safety. Basically, the concrete slabs are cast on ground level, and are then lifted through hydraulic jacks into the designated placement. This methods not only saves time, but also does not require workers to be creating and working with formwork on high ground levels.
24. Lookout (architecture): Lookouts are wooden joists that extend beyond the exterior wall in a cantilever-like manner, to support the roof sheathing phase in construction.
25. Moling: This is the use of a 60-centimeter-long, 6-centimeter wide steel "mole," a pneumatically-driven device which is inserted into the ground to create holes for pipes, heating coils, and heat pump systems without using any trenches.
26. Monocrete Construction: The monocrete construction method is the sole use of precast concrete panels, bolted together, to create concrete structures.
27. Performance Gap: Similar to when you expect to have three design proposals delivered by the end of the week, but you end up with only one because you’re just too tired, performance gap is when the expected work progress does not meet with the result on site. This could be due to environmental, workmanship, or occupant reasons.
Image © Wikimedia user Factfile8 licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0
28、預製混凝土：這是混凝土最為常見的使用形式了，預製混凝土也是混凝土構件，它可以在項目場地之外進行製作，然後運輸到場地中。它既可以是面板，也可以是混凝土砌塊，並具有一定的強度。
29、檁條：檁條是運用與屋頂結構之中水平放置的縱向構件，起到結構支撐的作用。
30、數量統計：在施工開始之前，評估人員會對材料和施工人員的需求進行精準的計算，從而以適當的成本來完成整個項目，這個過程便成為“Quantity Take-off”。這能夠讓項目負責人充分地瞭解項目的具體需求。
28. Precast Concrete: One of the most commonly used forms of concrete, precast concrete is concrete elements are created off-site to be transferred or lifted to the site later on. Designs could range from blocks to panels, and create solid but maneuverable elements.
29. Purlin: A purlin is any longitudinal element implemented on the roof structure horizontally for additional structural or material support.
30. Quantity Take-off: Before beginning with the construction phase, a study is held by estimators to acquire the detailed measurements of material and labor force needed to complete the project. This process is called quantity take-off and helps the project developers have full knowledge of what to expect during the construction phase.
Image via Wkimedia (public domain)
31、椽子：這是一系列傾斜的木質元素，主要應用於屋頂之中，其一側附著在牆體面板的邊緣，一般懸掛在屋簷上。
32、輪輞託梁：在地面系統中，輪輞託梁和地板主要託梁的一端連接在一起，側面支撐著地面面板。但是，它們也不全是末端託梁，因為末端託梁一般位於收尾，與其他託梁相互平行。
33、碎石化：為了節約時間和成本，一些不必要的混凝土會被打碎形成小塊，但仍然保留在原有位置上，成為另一層表面的底層，這樣能夠有效地減少材料的運輸成本。
31. Rafter: Rafters are a series of inclined wooden elements that form a roof, which attach to the edge of the wall plate and often overhang to form the eave.
32. Rim Joist: In flooring systems, rim joists are attached to the ends of the floor's main joists, providing lateral support to the ends of the decking system. However, they are not the end joists, which are usually the first and last row, parallel to the other joists.
33. Rubblization: In order to save time and extra cost, unwanted existing concrete is broken down to pieces of rubbles, and left in its place to become the base layer for new surfaces, instead of transferring the material to another site.
Image © Raul J. Garcia
34、木板槽口的接合處：木板槽口的接合處也許隨處可見，它由成本較低的木板製作而成，一般固定在建築的兩側。
35、支柱：在施工過程中，裝配金屬或者木製支撐結構時，常常會運用到支柱。它可以垂直、水平、斜向安裝，這取決於施工時的實際需求。
36、土壤儲備：這就好像孩子們在沙灘上堆金字塔，在現場挖掘時，旁邊會形成一堆的土壤，但它們也不會被浪費，因為之後會運用在其他所需要的部位。
37、牆體支柱：這是木結構或者鋼結構的關鍵要素，它們能夠支撐和傳遞來自屋面和牆體自身的荷載。
38、上部結構：一般來說，上部結構指的是某座建築的頂部結構，這個術語也可用來描述建築地面以上部分，其地下部分則描述為下部結構。
34. Shiplap: You’ve probably seen shiplaps everywhere, but may have referred to them as wood panels. Shiplaps are a type of inexpensive wooden board or panels fixed onto the sides of barns, sheds, and homes.
35. Shoring: Temporarily installed on site, shoring is the method in which metal or timber props are assembled to support the structure during construction. Shores can be installed vertically, horizontally, or diagonally, depending on the support needed.
36. Soil Stockpile: The grown-up version of the sand pyramids we used to do as kids, soil stockpiles are created when bulldozers excavate the soil on site and stack them in piles.The piles never go to waste because they are used later on for level grading (see "Cut and fill").
37. Wall Stud: Wall studs are crucial members of wooden or steel wall frames, as they are the vertical elements that help support and transfer loads of bearing and nonbearing walls.
38. Superstructure: In general terms, superstructure simply means a structure built on top of another structure. Typically, this term is used to describe any part of a building that is above ground, with the parts of the building below ground conversely referred to as the substructure.
Image © Flickr user Felipe Gabaldón via Wikimedia licensed under CC BY 2.0
39、薄殼結構：該結構系統常常運用於現代建築之中，薄殼結構是輕質混凝土構件，一般用於屋面。另外，這種結構系統可以利用結構的性能來減少其厚度，而一般呈現為彎曲形態。
40、連接（空腔牆體）：有時候，建築的兩個要素無法直接連接在一起，那麼這時候就需要用上連接體，空腔連接體一般由金屬或塑料製作而成，放置在兩個要素之間，然後將它們連接起來。
41、Topping Out：這種描述能夠追溯到古代斯堪的納維亞，最初，在施工人員在建築的頂部安裝木樑時會運用到這種方式。而現在，這僅僅是指建築結構的最上層部分的安裝時刻，它通常也代表著施工某個階段的完成。
42、Trombe牆體：Trombe牆體由法國工程師Felix Trombe和建築師Jacques Michel於上世紀60年代設計開發，主要用作寒冷國家的太陽能建築構件。其中的原理與溫室類似，施工人員在建築外牆上設置玻璃面層，然後在冬天充分吸收陽光的熱量，然後通過開口，這些吸收的熱量能夠在晚上被逐步釋放。
43、基礎託換：這是一種對現有結構基礎的加固方式。如果該項目建造於原有建築的基礎之上，那麼原有的地基也許無法承受新建築的全部荷載，那麼就可以通過混凝土、梁、基礎等方式，為原有結構進行加固，根據每個項目的特徵，其加固方式也各有不同。
39. Thin-Shell Structure: Frequently used in modern-day architecture, thin-shell structures are lightweight concrete elements, typically used on roofs. These large elements are usually curved, making use of the structural performance of certain forms to allow reduced material thickness.
40. Tie (Cavity Wall): There are times when two elements of a building can not be merged together, and this is when ties come to the rescue. Ties in cavity walls are typically made of metal or plastic wires, and are placed in between the two materials, “tying” them together to create a homogenous body.
41. Topping Out: A ceremonial practice that traces back to ancient Scandinavia, topping out originally referred to when the builder installs a wooden beam on top of the structure to indicate its completion. These days, it is simply the moment when the uppermost structural element is installed and is often heralded as a major construction milestone.
42. Trombe Wall: Developed by French engineer Felix Trombe and architect Jacques Michel in the 1960s, a trombe wall is a solar building element that is designed for cold countries. Similar to the greenhouse principle, it is when a glass external layer is built outside walls with openings, absorbing the heat during sunlit hours of winter. The heat is then slowly released overnight to provide warmth through the openings.
43. Underpinning: Underpinning is the act of strengthening an existing structural foundation. If the project is being done on a previously built structure, the foundation might not be strong enough or new enough to carry the new building. Underpinning can be mass concrete, beams and base pinning, or mini-piled pinning, depending on the suitable solution to each structure.
Image via pxhere (public domain)
44、虛擬設計與施工： 這種方式又名VDC，其中包括項目的多學科模型，以及諸如產品、過程等工程模型、分析方法、模型設計、項目規劃、成本計算等，以及建築可視化。
45、雙軸中空面板：為了能夠降低大跨度鋼筋混凝土面板的成本和重量，Joseph-Louis Lambot在混凝土砌塊之間設計了中空層，這樣能夠在保持面板整體外觀性能不改變的前提下，有效減少混凝土用量，而這些面板則被稱為雙軸中空面板，它們在當前建築施工中的運用非常廣泛。
44. Virtual Design & Construction: or VDC, includes all the multi-disciplinary models of a project. The list includes, but is not limited to, engineering modeling (product, process), analysis methods, model-based designs, scheduling, costs, and visualizations.
45. Voided Biaxial Slab: To be able to reduce the cost and weight of large-spanned reinforced concrete slabs, Joseph-Louis Lambot decided to create voids inside the concrete blocks, reducing the amount of concrete used but maintaining the overall endurance and external appearance of the slabs. These slabs are called voided biaxial slabs and are heavily used in construction nowadays.
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