文/SudheendraKulkarni
By Sudheendra Kulkarni
“引導應對氣候變化國際合作，（中國已）成為全球生態文明建設的重要參與者、貢獻者、引領者。”
“Taking the driver’s seat in international cooperation in response to climate change, China has become an important participant, contributor and torchbearer in the global drive to build an ecological civilization.”
2017年，當中共中央總書記習近平在中國共產黨第十九次全國代表大會上作歷史性報告時，全球媒體注意到他使用了“生態文明”這一關鍵提法。早在2012年，“生態文明”這一表述就寫進了中國憲法。在生態文明的框架下，習總書記希望中國引領全球氣候變化合作，推進能源轉型，拓展中國的可再生能源行業。
When Chinese President Xi Jinping delivered his historic speech at the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) last year, global media noted his frequent usage of the key term “ecological progress,” which was enshrined in the Chinese Constitution in 2012. China designed the framework to promote ecological progress with an aim to have China lead climate change cooperation, push for energy transformation and develop and expand its domestic renewable energy sector.
生態文明建設是實現中國可持續發展的一項關鍵任務。隨著中國經濟由高速增長向高質量發展轉變，中國需要應對新的挑戰，確保生態和環境得到保護和涵養。這與人民的福祉緊密相聯。
The task to promote ecological progress is vital for the sustainable development of China. As the country’s economy transitions from highspeed growth to highquality development, new challenges need to be met and China needs to ensure it protects and nurtures its environment and ecology. This mission is closely linked to the people’s wellbeing.
但是，並不僅僅是中國才有保護生態的需求。全球都需要關注這個緊迫的問題。
But the need to safeguard the ecology is not limited to China alone. It is a pressing global issue that needs urgent attention and today, many questions linger.
2015 年12 月8 日，法國巴黎舉行的新聞發佈會上，中、印、巴、南非四國氣候官員挽手致意。
氣候有國界嗎？大氣、空氣、陽光、星空、宇宙有國界嗎？提出這些問題的同時，我們首先要明確兩個不證自明的事實：第一，現代的民族國家，儘管都有明確劃分的地理邊界，但這些地理邊界的意義在某種程度上是有限的。第二，地球至少目前是全人類共同且唯一的家園。
Does climate have national boundaries? Do atmosphere, air, sunlight, starlight and outer space have national boundaries? Just by posing these questions, we affirm two answers becoming selfevident: Modern nation-states with clearly demarcated geographical boundaries have only limited meaning and significance, and secondly, Planet Earth is the common— and so far the only—home to the entire human race.
地球上的生命是如何誕生並繁衍的？這是一個龐大且變化多樣的生態系統，不屬於任何單個國家，而屬於全人類。實際上，它甚至不僅僅屬於人類。龐大的非人類生命群體，與人類一樣，對地球的生態和資源享有權利。簡單說來，就是因為以各種形式和種類存在的生命體都是相互依賴的，且共同依賴於地球的自然生態——氣候、水、空氣、陽光以及其他我們可以從無限宇宙中得到的資源。在浩瀚宇宙中，地球僅僅是一粒塵埃。
The system that birthed and continues to sustain life on this planet is a massively diverse ecological system belonging to no single nation exclusively, but rather to all of humanity. More precisely, it does not even belong to humans alone. The vast web of non-human life has as much claim to our planet’s ecology and resources as human beings—for the simple reason that all forms and species of life are interdependent and collectively dependent on Earth’s natural ecology. All earthly living beings depend on climate, water, air, sunlight and every other resource available from the immeasurably huge universe in which our planet is just a tiny little speck.
當我們從宇宙的角度去理解我們的生命以及我們各自國家的使命時，事情就非常清楚了：要維繫地球脆弱的生命網，而不是破壞它。任何破壞行動無異於自殺。可悲的是，推動世界絕大多數國家在過去幾個世紀向前發展的工業文明，今天卻在加速破壞地球生態。這種破壞清晰可見：全球變暖以及由此帶來的氣候變化、空氣汙染、水體汙染、可耕種土地汙染、森林覆蓋率減少、冰川消退等等。數以萬計的生命形態已經滅絕，更多生命或許將會遭受同樣命運。這種趨勢如果繼續下去，人類的生存和幸福如何得以保障？
When we choose a cosmic perspective to attempt to understand the meaning of our lives, and the responsibility of our respective nations, it becomes clear that the system that sustains the fragile web of life on our planet must not be destroyed. Doing so would be suicidal. Sadly, the industrial civilization that has been driving the development of almost all nations of the world for the past century has accelerated damage to the planetary ecology. The manifestations of this damage are now unmistakably visible: global warming and the resultant climate change, air and water pollution, soil contamination, forest depletion and glacial shrinkage. Predictably, tens of thousands of life forms have gone extinct. Many more will suffer the same fate. Can survival and happiness of humans be guaranteed if this continues unabated?
誰能阻止這一趨勢？而又將如何阻止這一趨勢？答案顯然是世界各國的齊心協力。然而，大國和發達國家應比小國和欠發達國家承擔更多更重的責任。2015年簽訂的《巴黎氣候協定》，正是基於這種“共同但有區別責任”的指導原則。
Who can stop this? And how can this be stopped? Obviously, the answer lies in a collective and concerted effort by all the nations of the world. Nevertheless, the responsibility of bigger and richer nations is far greater than that of smaller and less developed ones. This ‘common but differentiated obligations of nations’ is the guiding principle on which the Paris Agreement on Climate Change was signed in 2015.
中國和印度是世界上僅有的人口超10億的兩個國家。中國目前是世界第二大經濟體，並且預計將大約在10年內趕超美國。印度剛成為世界第五大經濟體，且有望在不久的將來成為世界第三大經濟體。中印均是世界上增長速度最快的經濟體之一，因此已成為世界經濟增長的兩大強有力引擎。但是，與包括美國、歐洲、日本在內的世界發達經濟體一樣，中印也要對氣候變化和環境退化承擔一定責任。同樣地，中印兩國也有道義上的責任，為拯救地球和自然生態的全球“戰役”做出表率。
India and China are the only two countries in the world with populations of more than a billion each. China has become the second-largest economy in the world and is poised to overtake the U.S. within the next decade or so. India has just become the fifth-largest economy and aspires to rise to third in the near future. Both are among the fastestgrowing economies in the world and have become powerful engines driving global growth. Along with developed economies such as the U.S., Europe and Japan, both China and India are also big contributors to climate change and environmental degradation. As such, our two countries have a moral obligation to provide leadership in the global battle to save the planet and its natural ecology.
在此，人們必須承認，中國和中國國家主席習近平為此次“戰役”提供了思想引領和行動引領。習近平主席是世界上首個明確倡議從工業文明過渡到生態文明的大國領導。這標誌著思維概念上的巨大突破，明確了這場“戰役”的目標以及取勝之道。
One must acknowledge that China and Chinese President Xi Jinping are providing both thought leadership and practical leadership in this battle. Xi is the first major world leader to explicitly call for a transition from an Industrial Civilization to an Ecological Civilization. This marks a quantum leap in the conceptual approach to the battle and how to win it.
圖為印度喀拉拉邦慕那爾地區的種植園。今年8 月，這裡發生百年不遇的大洪水，警示印度要全面思考發展。
在十九大報告中，習近平提出“堅持人與自然和諧共生”。
In his speech at the 19th National Congress of the CPC in October 2017, Xi Jinping called for “ensuring harmony between human and nature,” and said:
他指出：“建設生態文明是中華民族永續發展的千年大計。必須樹立和踐行綠水青山就是金山銀山的理念，堅持節約資源和保護環境的基本國策，像對待生命一樣對待生態環境，統籌山水林田湖草系統治理，實行最嚴格的生態環境保護制度，形成綠色發展方式和生活方式。”
“Building an ecological progress is vital to sustaining the Chinese nation’s development. We must realize that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets and act on this understanding, implement our fundamental national policy of conserving resources and protecting the environment and cherish the environment as we cherish our o wn lives. We will adopt a holis tic approach to conserving our mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes and grasslands, implement the strictest possible systems for environmental protection and develop ecofriendly growth models and ways of life.”
這樣的提法轉化為實踐，就是中國將重新定義“增長”的內涵，不再把國內生產總值作為測算增長的唯一標準。中國將積極追尋“創新、協調、綠色、開放、共享”的健康發展。印度也應該借鑑這樣的發展總體目標和任務。
In practical terms, this means that China will now redefine and measure growth in more than high GDP numbers. It will now vigorously pursue sound development that is “innovative, coordinated, green, open” and “for everyone.” This should also be the broader goal and mission for India.
中印兩國應該如何攜手合作，引領世界過渡到生態文明？實現此項合作，包含六個關鍵指標。
How can India and China work together to lead the world in the transition to ‘Ecological Progress’? Six vital guidelines can help steer cooperation:
首先，要充分認識到，中印是文明古國。我們兩國的文明將人類生命放在更廣闊的地球生命和宇宙背景下思考。地球和宇宙中的生命都是相互聯繫、相互依存、和諧共生的。中國有古話雲：“萬物並育而不相害，道並行而不相悖。”類似的宏偉情感在印度古語中也能找到：“世界就是一體。”
The first is a firm realization that both India and China are, unlike the U.S., “civilizational nations.” Our civilizations place human life within the much broader interconnected, inter-dependent and essentially harmonious life of the planet and the universe. An ancient Chinese saying stresses: “All living things should flourish without harming each other; all ways of life should thrive without hindering each other.” The same noble sentiment is proclaimed in the ancient Indian saying “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” (The entire world is one family).
尊重自然，尊重不同形態的生命體，構成了中印兩國文明的基石。中印兩國都認為人類安全與生態安全密不可分。因此，這種共同的文明智慧，應該始終引導兩國的經濟增長和社會發展。我們還應該與世界其他國家分享這種智慧。
Respect for nature and respect for all forms of life constitute the bedrocks of our civilizations. Both Indians and the Chinese regard human security as inseparable from ecological security. Our economic growth and social development should always be guided by this common civilizational wisdom. We should in turn share this wisdom with all other nations.
第二，中印兩國都需要遵循“循環經濟”的理念和做法。採用“減量化(reduce)、再循環(recycle)、再利用(reuse)”的3R原則，以達到“零浪費”的目標——這應該成為所有經濟活動的指導原則。兩國應該互相學習對方在減少碳足跡以推動經濟發展方面的經驗。中國已經決定，到2020年，單位GDP用水量要比2015年降低23%。印度也設立了類似的節水、降低大氣排放以及節能目標。
The second is the need for both India and China to adopt principles and practices of the ‘Circular Economy.’ Reduce, Recycle, Reuse—the 3 R’s to achieve zero-waste—should become the guiding motto for all economic activities. We should learn from one another in significantly reducing the carbon footprint to generate economic growth. By 2020, China has pledged to reduce water use per unit of GDP by 23 percent from the 2015 level. India has also set similar targets for water saving, reduction of air emissions and energy conservation.
第三，在停止森林採伐和全民參與大規模植樹造林方面，中國和印度應該進行經驗交流。譬如，印度環保做得比較好的馬哈拉施特拉邦已經開始實施一項旨在未來五年種植1300萬棵樹的宏偉計劃。
Third, India and China should share experience in curbing deforestation and planting trees through public participation. For example, Maharashtra, one of India’s leading states, has embarked on an ambitious drive to plant 13 million trees in five years.
2018 年5 月8 日至9 日，甘肅張掖祁連山國家級自然保護區，工人在加堤築壩、栽植雲杉。
第四，兩國需要提高再生能源系統的效率，這一點非常重要。當下，中國和印度在各自的能源結構中，均在大幅增加再生能源的份額。中國目前在這方面領先於印度，建立了一個大型且具有全球競爭力的基地，以生產太陽能板和節能設備。考慮到印度的龐大市場，中國投資者和中印合資企業有很大的空間，在印度擴展生產基地。此外，中國更積極地參與由印度和法國發起的國際太陽能聯盟，可以為此項倡議提供更大動力。
The fourth is the need to raise the efficiency of renewable energy systems, a matter of vital importance. Both China and India are making rapid strides in increasing their shares of renewable energy in the overall energy mix of their economies. China has taken a lead over India by establishing a large and globally competitive base for manufacturing solar panels and energy saving devices. However, given the huge size of the Indian market, it remains attractive for Chinese investment and joint ventures, which could expand the manufacturing base in India. A more active role by China in the International Solar Alliance launched by India (along with France) would give greater momentum to this much-needed initiative.
第五，為減緩氣候變化，雙方在高科技發展和應用方面的合作至關重要。新能源、新材料以及在電池儲存容量、電動車、納米技術、增材製造（3D打印）、人工智能以及第四次工業革命其他技術等方面的創新，有望在未來徹底改變經濟活動。“中國製造2025”計劃提出了優先發展的174項產業關鍵共性技術，其中25項與節能環保有關。這與印度的“印度製造”和“數字印度”計劃，有異曲同工之妙。
The fifth guideline is understanding that mutual cooperation in high technology development and adoption is critical for climate change mitigation. New energy sources, new materials, innovations in battery storage capacity, electric vehicles, nanotechnology, additive manufacturing (3-D printing), artificial intelligence and other technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution hold the promise of revolutionizing future economic activities. Beijing’s visionary ‘Made in China 2025’ strategy has prioritized 174 key technologies, of which 25 are related to energy saving and environmental protection. This program synergizes with New Delhi’s ‘Make in India’ and ‘Digital India’ missions.
最後一點，也是最重要的一點，中印都該為世界其他國家做出表率，實現從消費主義、物質主義、貪婪財富的生活方式向有剋制的、按需消費、共享、關愛他人的生活方式的轉變。這種關愛甚至應該包括關愛大自然中的動植物。制定經濟政策時，首先應考慮滿足窮人的基本生活需要。除了消除不平等，這種做法也會促進人類健康和福祉。此外，如果走一條有更高藝術、文化以及精神追求的道路，人類自身也會受益。
Finally and perhaps most importantly, both India and China should lead the way for the world to shift away from lifestyles of consumerism, materialism and greed-based wealth accumulation towards lifestyles of moderation, need-based consumption, sharing and caring— including for animals, flora and fauna. Fulfilment of the basic needs of the poor must be the top priority in economic policymaking. Alongside lessening inequalities in the world, this will also promote health, wellbeing and human happiness. Moreover, the human species will be helped in evolving to a path of higher artistic, cultural and spiritual pursuits.
這樣的中印合作有可能嗎？答案當然是肯定的。我們把希望寄託於這樣的現實：雖然兩國在其他一些問題上存在分歧，但雙方在國際上就氣候變化這一問題一直同心協力。當前，兩國擴大、深化、加強大規模環保合作的需要十分迫切。畢竟，如果中印兩個大國都不能站出來承擔保衛美麗地球的重任，還有誰能呢？
Is such India- China cooperation possible? Quite certainly. Our hope lies in the fact that despite differences on other issues, these two countries have always cooperated on global platforms on the issue of climate change. Now there is an urgent need to expand, deepen and strengthen mutual cooperation on a wide range of environment protection imperatives. After all, if our two great nations cannot step up to shoulder this big responsibility to save our beautiful planet, who else can?
本文作者SudheendraKulkarni為印度政治、社會評論家，曾擔任位於孟買的觀察者研究基金會主席。
The author is a political and social commentator and former chairman of the Observer Research Foundation, Mumbai.
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