分享老師簡介
Oscar
-特許公認會計師公會會員（ACCA）
-國際註冊會計師協會會員（CAT）
-楷博財經全職老師。
又一枚“顏值和才華同時在線，各項技能滿點”的楷博老師，在健身房裡舉得動槓鈴，在講臺上講得來精彩ACCA課；在穿衣品味上跟得上時尚潮流，在財經領域做得來嚴謹學術。擅於把各種艱澀的專業知識轉化為通俗易懂的語言，讓同學們輕鬆吸收。反正，上過他課的同學們的“賣家（評）秀（價）”是這樣的——“如果滿分100分，我給奧斯卡老師120分！
IFRS 13 – fair value measurement
Fair value measurement在近年的P2考試中，應該是一個絕對的高頻考點，考官很熱衷於對此知識點的測試。
IFRS 13 does not apply to：
Share-based payment transactions within the scope of IFRS 2 Share –based payment
Leasing transactions within the scope of IAS 17 (IFRS 16) lease
Measurement that are similar to fair value but which are not fair value
在IFRS 13中明確規定了fair value的內容不適用於以上內容，在相應的準則中，有對特定的fair value有做更詳細的規定。
Fair value measurement and IFRS
The fair value of an asset or a liability may be required to be measured in a variety of circumstances as follows:
Fair value upon initial recognition arises when a reporting standard requires fair value to be measured upon initial recognition
✔ For example: IFRS 9 – Financial instrument indicates that for initial recognition, a financial asset and a financial should be measured at its fair value.
Fair value on a recurring basis arises when a reporting standard requires fair value to be measured on an ongoing basis.
✔ Examples of this include IAS 40 investment property, or IFRS 9 Financial instruments, or IAS 41 Agriculture
Fair value on a non-recurring basis arises when a reporting standard requires fair value to be measured at fair value only in certain specified circumstances.
✔ For example: IFRS 5 requires that assets classified as held for sale are measured at fair value less costs to sell.
綜上所述：fair value的運用很廣，涉及部分資產的初始計量，常規期末計量以及在特定情況下計量。
The definition of fair value:
The price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.
The asset or liability to be measured may be an individual asset or liability, or a group of assets and liabilities, depending upon what is required to be measured. 此處的資產和負債可以是單獨的某一個特定資產或負債，也可以是一個cash-generating-unit，具體取決與我們需要去計量的對象本身。
The fair value of a non-financial asset should be best on its highest best use.對於非金融類產品在考慮公允價值估量的時候，需要用到的是在其最大化利益條件的用途下的價值。
The measurement should reflect the price at which an ordinary transaction between willing market participants would take place under current market conditions. It should not be a distress transaction. 在考慮交易價格的時候，我們應該用到的交易價格是在常規的交易環境下面的交易價格。非常規環境比如說：高通貨膨脹;市場信息不對稱;關聯方交易等。
The value of the asset or liability should take into account the assumptions of market participants, who will generally want to maximize their own best interest.
✔The valuation must therefore reflect the characteristics of the asset or liability (age, condition, location, and restrictions on use or sale) that are relevant to market participants.在估值的過程中，我們以交易方期望實現最大經濟利益為前提，同時需要考慮到各方面綜合因素，如資產使用壽命，狀況，地裡位置和其他限制性條件等，這些都會影響到我們估值。
The entity must determine the market in which an ordinary transaction would take place
✔This will normally be the principal market, which is the market in which the transaction would normally take place
✔In the absence of a principal market, the most advantageous market should be used
另外我們在確定交易價值的時候還要考慮一個問題，就是在不同市場中，交易價格也會有差異。我們優先考慮該資產或負債在主要交易市場中的交易價格，當我們無法確定其主要交易市場的時候，我們考慮使用在最優市場中的交易價格。
Fair value is not adjusted for transaction cost because these are specific to the transaction and not a characteristic of the asset or liability
Transaction costs should, however, be taken into consideration if the entity needs to determine the most advantageous markets for its assets or liabilities
Transaction costs do not include transport costs.
在考慮公允價值的時候，交易成本不能被調整到資產或負債的公允價值中。但是當我們在確定最優市場的時候，我們要將transaction cost考慮進去。運輸費用則不應該被包括進transaction cost中，因為我們已經在將location這個要素考慮進去。
Fair value hierarchy
IFRS 13 states that an entity should maximize the use of observable inputs when determine fair value.
Level 1 inputs comprise quoted price in active markets for identical assets and liabilities at the measurement date
This is regarded as providing the most reliable evidence of fair value and is likely to be used without the adjustment
大多數的情況下，我們對資產和負債進行估值的時候，會選擇使用該資產或負債在一個活躍市場上的定價來作為其公允價值。在這種情況下，公允價值也是最可靠的計量，一般情況下也無需做任何調整。
Level 2 inputs are observable inputs, other than those included within level 1 above, which are observable directly or indirectly.
This may include quoted prices for similar asset or liabilities in active markets, or prices for prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in inactive markets. Typically, they are likely to require some degree of adjustment to arrive at a fair value measurement.
An adjustment to a level 2 input that is significantly to the entire measurement might result in a fair value measurement categorized within level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.
有的時候，我們無法直接從活躍市場上獲得相關資產或負債的交易價格（如研發出的新產品）；或者有一些資產和負債沒有活躍市場，只在一些特定的人群或市場上交易， 我們對以上類型的資產和負債進行公允價值計量的時候我們可以參照以活躍市場上類似資產或負債的交易價格或者非活躍市場上的交易價格的基礎上，加以適當調整來確認其公允價值。
For example
An agricultural company has breed new varieties of rice which has a much higher quality than those sold in the current market. These new varieties of rice would be harvested 2 months later after the reporting date.
In accordance with IAS 41:
Rice belongs to the biological asset, at the reporting date these should be measured at fair value less cost to sell.
However, as this is a new product with much higher quality compared to the current market’s products, which means currently, this kindle of rice does not have an active market. When considering the fair value, it can be based on the current market’s rice’s quoted price (quoted price for similar asset in an active market) with some necessary adjustments made.
Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for an asset or liability, based upon the best estimation available, including information that may be reasonably available relating to market participants.
當我們無法從一個活躍市場上找到該產品或者類似產品時，我們可以根據市場看情況，結合相關信息來預估此資產或者債務的公允價值。
閱讀更多 楷博財經KBF 的文章
