25. across, through和over的用法
★across和through都與動詞連用。表示從一定範圍的一邊到另一邊，但across的含義與on有關，表示動作是在某一物體的表面進行的，例如原文中的across Northern China;而through的含義與in有關，表示動作是在某一物體的空間裡進行的。如:
① The river was frozen, so we walked across the ice to the other bank.
河面結了冰，所以我們從冰上走到河的對面。(不用through)
② The river flows through the city from west to east.
這條河由西向東流過這個城市。(河的兩邊有建築物，不用across)
③ It took us three hours to walk through the forest.
我們花了三個小時穿過那個森林。(人周圍有建築物)
④ You must not run across the road. 你不要跑過馬路。
⑤ We walked across the bridge and soon came to a hut.
我們走過橋，不久就到了小屋前。
⑥ We walked through the tunnel. 我們開車穿過了隧道。
⑦ I saw it through the windowpane. 透過玻璃我看到了它。
⑧ I got the job through a friend of mine. 我通過一位朋友得到了這個工作。
【注】go across the street橫穿街道(指從街的一邊到另一邊)
go through the street穿過街道(指從街的一端到另一端)
go across the room從房間這邊到另一邊
go through the room穿過房間(指從一個房間走到另一間)
★over可以作介詞或副詞，作介詞時帶賓語;作副詞時不帶賓語。表示從一定範圍的一邊到另一邊，但over的含義與above有關，表示動作是在某一物體的上方進行的。而且與物體沒有接觸。如:
① A lamp was hanging over the table. 桌子上方掛著一盞燈。
② There is a bridge over the river. 河上有座橋。
③ The sky is over our heads and the ground is under our feet.
我們頭上是天空，腳下是大地。
【注】over與動詞搭配可用來表示“越過……”“穿過……”某一高形物體。如:
① The boy climbed over the wall. 男孩子們爬過牆頭。
② The groups of planes are flying over our city. 機群正飛越我們城市上空。
③ He jumped over the brook. 他跳過了那條小溪。
26. It was built with stones and bricks a long time ago to protect the northern border of the country.
它(長城)是在很久以前用石頭、磚砌成的，用來保護北方邊境。
★protect意為“保護”，常與介詞from連用，表示“保護……免遭……”。如:
① He was wearing dark glasses to protect his eyes from the sun.
他戴著墨鏡以保護眼睛不受陽光刺激。
② Put on a thicker coat to protect yourself from the cold.
穿件厚點的外衣以免凍著。
③ The eyelashes protect the eyes from dust and dirt.
眼睫毛保護眼睛不讓塵埃和髒物進去。
④ You’d better use an umbrella to protect yourself from the rain.
你最好打開雨傘以免挨雨淋。
★protect也可與against連用，通常是指抵禦侵略或自然災害等大範圍的保護。如:
① The tea plants must be protected against frost in winter.
必須保護茶樹在冬季不受霜凍。
② A line of forts was built along the border to protect the country against foreign attack.
沿邊境修築了一系列的堡壘以抵禦外國的攻擊。
27. It is one of the wonders of the world. 它是世界奇蹟之一。
★wonder用作可數名詞，意為“奇蹟”“奇觀”“奇事”。如:
① Television is one of the wonders of modern science. 電視是現代科學奇蹟之一。
② What are the seven wonders of the world? 世界上有哪七大奇蹟?
③ It is a wonder that he survived the plane crash. 飛機失事，他保住了性命，真是奇蹟。
★wonder用作動詞，表示“想知道”“對……感到吃驚”的意思。如:
① I wonder whether you would mind helping me for a few minutes.
不知你是否能幫我一會兒忙。
② I wonder what he’s doing now. 我心裡想他此刻在做什麼呢?
③ How did it get there, I wonder? 它怎麼會到那兒去的呢，我感到奇怪。
④ The fact that she left home is not to be wondered at. 她離家出走是不足為怪的。
⑤ I wonder at your allowing him to do such a thing.
我對你允許他做出這樣的事感到奇怪。
⑥ Can you wonder at it, isn’t it natural, to be expected?
你對它感到驚奇嗎?它不是很自然料想到的嗎?
★“wonder if/whether +從句”意為“想知道……是否……”，是一種委婉客氣地提出請求的交際用語。如:
① We wondered if they could come here on time.
我們很想知道他們是否能夠按時趕到這裡。
② I wonder if/whether she has receive our telegram.
我不知道她是否收到了我們的電報。
③ I wonder if you could tell me how to get to the theatre.
我不知道你能否告訴我怎樣去劇院。
28. You can experience its beauty and greatness through climbing it step by step.
通過一步一步地向上爬，你能體驗到它的美麗和雄偉壯觀。
★experience用作動詞，意為“體驗”“經歷”。如:
① He experienced many difficulties. 他經歷了許多困難。
② Our country has experienced great changes in the last 30 years.
在過去三十年裡，我們國家經歷了巨大的變化。
③ Some of the students had experienced what hardships meant before they entered the university.
有些大學生在進入大學之前體驗過艱苦的生活。
④ I don’t think I’ve ever experienced real depression.
我認為我從未體驗過真正的情緒低落。
★experience用作不可數名詞，意為“經驗”，指由經驗獲得的知識或技術。如:
① We all learn by experience. 我們都從經驗中學習。
② Has he had much experience of work of this sort? 他對這種工作有很多經驗嗎?
③ He hasn’t had enough experience for the job. 他沒有足夠的經驗擔當這份工作。
④ He is short of experience. 他缺乏經驗。
★experience用作可數名詞，意為“經歷”“閱歷”。如:
① I had some interesting experiences in the countryside.
我在農村有過一些很有意思的經歷。
② A man of your experience ought to do well.
一個有你這樣的閱歷的人是應當發跡的。
★experienced用作形容詞，意為“有經驗的”“有閱歷的”“熟練的”。如:
① He is much experienced in teaching. 他有豐富的教學經驗。
② His mother is an experienced nurse. 他的母親是個有經驗的護士。
③ They are quite experienced in teaching beginners.
他們在教初學者方面很有經驗。
29. You can experience its beauty and greatness through climbing it step by step.
沿著長城，拾級而上，你會逐漸領略到長城的瑰麗、雄偉。
★step by step意為“逐漸地“，相當於little by little。如:
① Step by step, they were getting to the top. 他們一步一步地接近山頂。
② A foreign language cannot be learned rapidly, it must be learned step by step.
學外語不能急，只能按部步班地學。
③ The cost of living is increasing step by step. 生活開支正慢慢地在提高。
④ Step by step he learned the rules of the game. 他逐漸學會了比賽規則。
⑤ She learnt to speak English step by step. 她逐漸學會說英語了。
★類似於step by step結構的短語還有side by side(肩並肩)，hand in hand(手拉手)，face to face(面對面)，heart to heart(心連心)，neck and neck(齊頭並進，並駕齊驅)等。但是，這種結構中的名詞前面不用冠詞或其他修飾詞。如:
① They walked side by side. 他們肩並肩地走著。
② They walked away hand in hand. 他們手拉手地離開了。
③ He sat face to face with me. 他和我面對面地坐著。
④ We had a heart to heart talk and pointed out one another’s shortcomings.
我們談了心並指出了彼此的缺點。
⑤ The horses were running neck and neck. 這些馬跑得不分上下。
30. It lies on the two sides of the River Li. 它(桂林)座落於灕江兩邊。
★lie用作動詞，意為“位於”“坐落於”，其過去式為lay，過去分詞為lain。如:
① The village lies to the north of the city. 這個村子位於城市的北邊。
② Ireland lies to the west of England. 愛爾蘭位於英格蘭之西。
③ Japan lies to the east of China. 日本位於中國的東面。
④ Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位於中國的東部。
★lie用作動詞，可表示“呈……狀態”“置於”。如:
① The ship has lain at the bottom of the harbor for two hundred years.
那條船在港口的水底已經二百年了。
② He lay awake for the whole night, worrying about his lost child.
整個晚上他躺著沒有睡覺，在擔心他失蹤的兒子。
③ The book lay open on the desk. 這本書攤開著放在桌子上。
★lie用作動詞，意為“撒謊”，其過去式和過去分詞都為lied，後可以接to sb.表示“對某人撒謊”。如:
① I can tell, from your face, you are lying to me.
我可以從你的表情看得出你在對我撒謊。
② You’re lying again! 你又在撒謊了!
③ Don’t believe her because she always lies. 別信她，因為她總是說謊。
★lie用作動詞，意為“躺”“臥”時，其過去式為lay，過去分詞為lain，後面通常要跟介詞短語或副詞。如:
① He was lying in the shade of the tree. 他正躺在樹蔭下。
② The boys have lain under the trees for hours.
那些男孩子們已經在樹下躺了幾個小時了。
③ Don’t lie in the sun for too long. 不要在陽光下躺得太久了。
④ The boy lay on the sofa. 那男孩躺在沙發上。
★lie in意為“在於”。如:
① The trouble lies in the engine. 問題出在引擎上。
② His success lies in his hard work. 他的成功在於勤奮的工作。
★lie down意為“躺下休息”。如:
① I’ll go and lie down for a while. 我去躺一會兒。
② If you feel tired, you may lie down and sleep for a while. 你覺得累就躺下睡一會兒。
③ My head is spinning, so I must lie down. 我腦袋天旋地轉，得躺下來休息休息。
31. In this underground cave, there are lots of colourful rocks with strange shapes.
這個地下溶洞裡，有許多色彩斑斕、姿態各異的岩石。
★colourful是形容詞，是“顏色鮮豔的”“五彩繽紛的”意思。如:
① The male birds are more colourful than the females.
這種鳥的雄性比雌性更加色彩豔麗。
② Look at these flowers. They are very colourful. 瞧這些花，都很鮮豔。
③ You can see colourful shop windows here and there.
你到處可以看到五彩繽紛的商店櫥窗。
★colourful作形容詞，還有“生動的”“豐富多彩的”意思。如:
① He often told us his colourful history. 他常給我們講他的豐富多彩的歷史。
② Did they know the colourful past of the city.
他們知道這個城市豐富多彩的過去嗎?
③ The old man’s colourful career made us think he was quite brave.
老人豐富的經歷使我們認為他是個非常勇敢的人。
★colour/color是名詞，作“色彩”“彩色”解時為不可數名詞，作“顏色”解時為可數名詞。如:
① This kind of insect can change colour. 這種昆蟲會變色。
② They bought a new colour television last month. 上個月他們買了一臺新彩電。
③ All the pictures in this book are in colour. 這本書裡的圖畫都是彩色的。
④ Can I get this dress in other colours? 這衣服還有其他顏色的嗎?
★colour用作動詞，意為“著色”“給……著色(染色)”。如:
① He coloured the wall white. 他把牆塗成白色。
② His younger sister is colouring a picture. 他的妹妹正在給一幅畫塗上顏色。
③ She doesn’t like colouring her hair. 她不喜歡染髮。
32. It is great fun to cycle around Guilin! 周遊桂林真是充滿樂趣。
★fun常用不可數名詞，意為“樂趣”“玩笑”“娛樂”“有趣的人或事”。如:
① What fun we had! 我們玩得真開心(或多麼有趣)呀!
② I wasn’t serious; I only did it for fun. 我不是當真的，我只不過是鬧著玩。
③ Swimming in the sea is great/good fun. 在海里游泳很好玩。
④ You’re sure to have (much) fun at the party tonight.
你在今晚的聚會上一定玩得很開心。
⑤ Sailing a boat is great fun. 駕駛帆船很有趣。
⑥ He’s great fun. We are all found of being with him.
他是個有趣的人。我們都喜歡和他在一起。
★for/in fun意為“開玩笑的”“鬧著玩的”“非認真的”。make fun of的意思為“取笑”“開……的玩笑”。如:
① He said it only for/in fun. 他只是說著玩的。
② I wrote it just for/in fun. 我只是寫著玩玩的。
③ It’s not good to make fun of the old. 取笑老人是不好的。
④ The kids at school always make fun of Bill’s clothes.
學校裡的那些孩子老是取笑比爾的衣服。
★funny用作形容詞，意為“滑稽的”“可笑的”“稀奇古怪的”“意想不到的”“難以解釋清楚的”。如:
① Don’t you think it a little funny? 難道你不認為那有點滑稽嗎?
② The kids are all making fun of little Tom’s funny hat today.
孩子們都在取笑小湯姆今天戴的那頂滑稽的帽子。
③ It’s funny that she left so suddenly. 她這麼突然離去，真奇怪。
④ He’s a funny sort of person. 他是個難以理解的人。
33. You can hire a bicycle from the bus station and ride around Guilin very safely.
你可以在汽車車站那裡租輛自行車，然後非常安全地騎著遊覽桂林。
★hire用作動詞，意為“租用”“租借”。如:
① Where did you hire the video? 這錄像帶你是在哪裡租的?
② I am new here, I want to hire a room to live in. 我是新來的，想租個房間住下來。
③ I will have to hire a suit for my wedding. 我得去租套禮服在婚禮上穿。
④ They hired a boat for an evening. 他們僱了條船用了一晚上。
【注】hire和rent都可意為“租用”，但表示短期租用東西用hire，表示長期租用東西用rent。
★hire用作動詞，意為“聘用”“錄用”“僱傭(包括臨時僱傭)”。如:
① She was hired ten years ago. 她是十年前被錄用的。
② He does the hiring and firing in our company.
他在我們公司裡負責員工的錄用和辭退。
③ His mother hired a lawyer for him. 他母親為他臨時僱傭了一名律師。
④ The company hired a young man to design the new system.
公司僱傭了一名年輕人來設計新的系統。
【注】在美國英語中，僱人用hire，但在英國英語中，只為某種用途而非長期僱用才用hire，否則則用appoint。
★hire用作名詞，意為“租賃”“租借”“租用”“出租”“受僱”“租金”“工錢”。如:
① All the bikes are for hire. 這些自行車是供租用的。
② Excuse me, where can I find a hire car? 請問，哪裡有可供租用的汽車?
③ All the taxis belong to a car hire firm. 所有這些出租車屬於出租車公司。
④ The costumes are on hire from the local shop. 服裝可以向當地的商店租。
34. a line dividing two countries一條把兩國分開的線
★divide用作動詞，意為“分開”“分散”“分割”“把……分成(若干部分)”。如:
① The cells began to divide rapidly. 細胞開始迅速分裂。
② Jack divided up the rest of the cash. 傑克把餘下的現金分了。
③ We divided the work between us. 我們共同分擔了這項工作。
④ He divided his energies between his study and sports.
他把精力一部分用在學習上，一部分用在運動上。
★divide A from B，可以用“使A和B分離”“使A和B分開”解。如:
① We mustn’t divide the child from his mother. 我們不能使母子分離。
② The channel divides the island of Taiwan from the mainland, but it is still the land of China.
海峽把臺灣島和大陸分離了，但是她仍然是中國的領土。
★be divided into是一個被動語態的結構，解釋成“劃分為”“分為”。如:
① In English sentences can be divided into three types.
在英語中句子可以分成三種類型。
② Verbs can be divided into four kinds. 動詞可以分成四種。
35. We can see the beautiful design there and learn more about the life of the Chinese emperors in the past.
在那裡，我們可以看到漂亮的(建築)設計，充分了解過去中國皇帝們的生活狀況。
★design用作名詞，解釋為“設計”“圖樣”“圖案”“草圖”“圖紙”等。如:
① The unique design of the machine prevents it from overheating.
這臺機器獨特的設計可防止溫度過高。
② She has her own design studio in the college. 在學院裡，她有自己的設計室。
③ He could cut a design on metal. 他能夠在金屬上刻圖案。
④ The tiles come in a huge range of colours and design. 瓷磚有各種各樣的顏色和圖案。
⑤ Can you give some pieces of design paper to her? 你能夠給她幾張製圖紙嗎?
★design用作名詞，還有“意圖”“企圖”的意思。如:
① Did it happen by design or accident? 這件事情的發生是計劃好了的還是偶然的?
② He had a design on it. 他對此事有野心。
★design用作動詞，意為“設計”“企圖”，後面可以接名詞或不定式。如:
① They asked Jim to design a poster for the movie.
他們請吉姆為那部電影設計一個海報。
② Every student should design a dress for the fashion show.
每個學生都應該為時裝展覽設計一件作品。
③ The method is designed for use in small groups. 這方法是小組設計的。
④ The building is designed very well. 這幢樓設計很好。
⑤ The programme is designed to help people who have been out of work for a long time.
這項計劃的目的是為長期失業者提供幫助。
9B UNIT4
一、詞彙大集合
單詞
invent vt.發明，創造
astronaut n.宇航員
explorer n.探險者
nun n.修女，尼姑
flight n.飛行，航班
pilot n.飛行員
licence n.執照，許可證
engineering n.工程(學)
select vt.挑選;選擇
commander n.指揮官，司令官
spin vi.快速旋轉
mankind n.人類
sample n.樣品，標本
citizen n.公民;市民
exploration n.探索;探測
navy n.海軍
truly adv.真正地;真實地
spoil vt.損壞，搞糟
mission n.太空飛行任務;使命
broth n.(魚、肉或蔬菜)湯
unique adj.唯一的，獨特的
light bulb n.電燈泡
mathematics n.數學
radium n.鐳
couple n.夫婦，(一)對
unknown adj.未知的，不出名的
equation n.方程式;等式
詞組:
1.How do you like….?=What do you think of….? 你覺得。。。怎麼樣？
2.in the form of pills 呈藥丸形狀
3.the distance between Mars and the Sun 火星和太陽之間的距離
4.at the moment =at present 目前，現在
5.by the year 2100 到2100年時
6.become more and more crowded 變得愈來愈擁擠
7.a large number of =large numbers of+名復 大量的
8.large numbers of passengers 大量的乘客
9.travel at the speed of light 以光的速度旅行
10.three-eights of the gravity on Earth 地球引力的八分之三
11.It is hoped that… …可以指望
12.(all) over again 再；重新
13.compare A with B 把A和B相比
14.be compared with sth 被與某物相比
15.in many ways 在許多方面
16.connect A to B 把A連接B
17.(be) connected to an inter-planetary network 連接到星際網絡
18.in some ways 在某些方面
19.the possibility of living on Mars 住在火星上的可能性
20.as well as… 不但……而且；既……又
21.keep/prevent/stop sb.from doing sth 防止某人做某事
22.because of the rapid increase in population 因為人口的快速增長
23. increase rapidly 迅速地增加
24.one-third/one third 三分之一
25.be aware of sth 知道
26.one giant leap 一次大的飛躍
27. What’s the population of China? 中國的人口是多少？
28.circle around the Sun 繞太陽運轉
29.in agreement 意見一致
30.be similar to 與……相似
31.carry out a survey 開展一個調查
32. after all 畢竟
33.advantages of living on Mars 住在火星上的優勢
34.get ill from living there 因為住在那裡生病
35.start /begin with a discussion 以討論開始
36.hear of 聽說
37. rock and roll 搖滾樂
38.in the west 在西方
39.space travel 太空旅行
40.become interested in 開始對„„感興趣
41.take one’s first flight 開始某人的第一次飛行
42.in one’s spare time 在某人的業餘時間裡
43.join the navy 參加海軍
44.a test pilot 一次飛行試驗
45．go into space 進入太空
46.out of control 失去控制
47.cut the flight short 縮短航程
48.land on the moon 登陸月球
49.space exploration 太空探測
50.the theory of relativity 相對論
51.be unknown to humans 不為人所知
52.in twentieth century 在20 世紀
53.further research 更進一步的調查
54.walk on the moon 在月球上行走
二、句型大集合
1. Who do you think isthe greatest person that has ever lived? 你認為誰是人類史上最偉大的人?
2. Neil Armstrong, the first man to walk on the moon … 尼爾·阿姆斯特朗是第一個在月球上行走的人„„
3. It is said that Armstrong sent a message to Mission Control which said that two huge, strange objects landed near them and were watching them. 據說阿姆斯特朗發了一條信息給任務控 制中心，上面說有兩個大而奇怪的物體落在他們附近觀察他們。
4. Armstrong is the person who made people around the world realize that space exploration was truly possible. 阿姆斯特朗是一個使全球的人們意識到太空探險真的成為可能的人。
5. one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind 個人的一小步，卻是人類的一大步。
三、語法大聚焦
(一)Defining relative clauses 限制性定語從句
限制性定語從句對先行詞具有限制作用，使該詞的含義更具體，更明確。
這類從句不能 省掉，否則句子的意義就不完整。
1. Do you remember the teacher who taught us English at middle school?
2. A dictionary is a book which /that gives the meaning of words.
(二)Relative pronouns 關係代詞
Relative pronoun People Things who √ which √ that √ √
我們可以用關係代詞來引導定語從句。定語從句應緊跟在被修飾的名詞或代詞之後。
在定語從句中who，which 和that 可以被用作關係代詞，用來指人或物。
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