初中英語句子成分分析
一.英語的句子按照一定的語法規律組成,從而表達一定的意義,一個句子一般由兩個部分組成,主句部分和謂語部分,這兩部分也是一個句子的主要部分,句子的次要部分就是賓語,定語,狀語,表語.
主語 謂語 表語 賓語 定語 狀語 補語 同位語
1.主語（subject）：句子說明的人或事物,一般放在句首,主要由名詞,數詞,或者主格代詞, 動名詞,不定式, 以及主語從句.
The sun rises in the east （名詞）
He likes dancing. （代詞）
Twenty years is a short time in history. (數詞)
Seeing is believing. （動名詞）
To see is to believe.（不定式）
What he needs is a book.（主語從句）
It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.（It形式主語）
注意點: 代詞做主語,要用主格代詞, 動名詞做主語就是動詞加上ING形式,單獨的一個動詞原形是不能做主語的,一定要變成動名詞.
不定式可以做主語,但是TO不能省略.
Exercise:
指出下列句中的主語：
① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.
② There is an old man coming here.
③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.
④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.
2.謂語（predicative）:說明主語的動作，表示主語的性質、狀態和特徵。常常由行為動詞,BE動詞, 如果有助動詞,或者情態動詞,一起構成謂語部分.或者BE動詞+DOING 構成謂語。
We study English.
He is asleep.
he can speak English
I have already finished the homework .
he will go to shanghai .
he was doing homework
注意點：謂語是一個句子的靈魂，一個完整的句子是不能沒有謂語的。一般都是在主語後面，一般疑問句和特殊疑問句位置要變化。
英語的單個句子不能出現兩個謂語，所以，BE 後面千萬不能出現加行為動詞原形的情況，在英語裡如果出現兩個動詞，一般會用and , 或者不定式，動名詞來解決。
1.Go and have a look . go , have a look . 都是動詞，用and 連接，變成兩個並列句了。
2.want to buy a book . want , buy都是動詞,但是隻能一個動詞做謂語,後面的buy 前面加上to，成為了want 的賓語成分，就沒有動詞的功能了，to buy a book成為want 的賓語成分了。
3.Finish doing homework .同樣道理,doing homework 成為finish 的賓語成分了，變成了動名詞，失去了原來的動詞的功能了，
Exercise:
選出句中謂語的中心詞
① I don't like the picture on the wall.
A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall
② The days get longer and longer when summer comes.
A. get B. longer C. days D. summer
③ Do you usually go to school by bus?
A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus
④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.
A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon
⑤ Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?
A. Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast
3. 表語（predicative）:系動詞之後的成分，表示主語的性質、狀態和特徵。名詞，形容詞，代詞，副詞，介賓短語，可以做表語
常見的系動詞有：be, sound(聽起來), look(看起來), feel(摸起來), smell(聞起來), taste(嚐起來), remain(保持，仍是)，feel(感覺)
He is a teacher. （名詞）
Seventy-four! You don’t look it. （代詞）
Five and five is ten. （數詞）
He is asleep. （形容詞）
His father is in.（副詞）
The picture is on the wall. (介詞短語)
My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容詞化的分詞）
The question is whether they will come. （表語從句）
It sounds a good idea.
The sound sounds strange.
Exercise:
挑出下列句中的表語
①The old man was feeling very tired.
②She was the first to learn about it.
③ The leaves have turned yellow.
④Soon They all became interested in the subject.
4.賓語
1）賓語表示行為的對象，常由名詞或者賓格代詞擔任。放在及物動詞或者介詞之後。也有不定式，動名詞做賓語，也有從句做賓語就是賓語從句。it 做形式賓語。介詞後面的成分也是賓語。
I like China. （名詞）
He hates you. （代詞）
How many do you need? We need two. （數詞）
I enjoy working with you. （動名詞）
I hope to see you again. （不定式）
Did you write down what he said? （賓語從句）
Want to have a look
Enjoy playing the piano .
I find it difficult to finish the work in such a short time .
2）介詞後的名詞、代詞和動名詞-----介賓
Are you afraid of the snake?
Under the snow, there are many rocks.
3）雙賓語-----間賓（指人）和直賓（指物）
He gave me a book yesterday.
Give the poor man some money.
注意：賓語在動詞或者介詞後面。代詞做賓語要用賓格代詞。動詞也可以在介詞後面，但是必須變成動名詞，也就是加上ING.
Exercise:
挑出下列句中的賓語
① My brother hasn't done his homework.
② People all over the world speak English.
③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.
④ How many new words did you learn last class?
⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?
5.補語
1）賓補：對賓語的補充，全稱為賓語補足語。做賓語的成分：
名詞，形容詞，不定式，現在分詞，副詞，介賓短語
We elected him monitor.
We found nobody in.
I saw him go past the postoffice
I saw him swimming in the river
I left my wallet at home
please keep the classroom tidy every day.
2) 主補：對主語的補充
He was elected monitor.
注意：賓語補足語是對賓語補充說明關係的，賓語和補足語之間有主謂關係。
不定式做賓補，表示賓語的動作經常發生或者已經發生了。現在分詞做賓語表示動作正在進行。
6. 定語：修飾或限制名詞或代詞的詞、詞組或句子。做定語的一般有形容詞，名詞，介賓短語，不定式，現在分詞，物主代詞
Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（名詞）
He is our friend. （代詞）
We belong to the third world.（數詞）
He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容詞）
The man over there is my old friend.(副詞)
The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介詞)
The boys playing football are in Class 2. （現在分詞）
The trees planted last year are growing well now. （過去分詞）
I have an idea to do it well.（不定式）
You should do everything that I do. （定語從句）
注意：名詞做定語比較少，一般表示名詞的用途或者材料的。
定語有前置定語和後置定語之分。一般的都是前置定語，不定式做定語一般都是後置，介賓短語做定語後置，形容詞修飾複合不定代詞，也是後置。個別副詞做定語也是後置定語：day off, way out .
Exercise:
挑出下列句中的定語
① They use Mr., Mrs. with the family name.
② What is your given name?
③ On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.
④ I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.
⑤ The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
7.狀語：表示時間、地點、原因、目的、結果、程度、條件、方式和讓步。一般是副詞，介詞短語，不定式，或者狀語從句。
I will go there
tomorrow.The meeting will be held in the meeting room.
The meat went bad because of the hot weather.
He studies hard to learn English well.
He didn’t study hard so that he failed in the exam.
I like some of you very much.
If you study hard, you will pass the exam.
He goes to school by bike.
Though he is young, he can do it well.
注意：介詞短語有可能做狀語，有可能做定語，這個要分清楚。
Exercise:
挑出下列句中的狀語，並指明充當什麼狀語。
① There was a big smile on her face.
② Every night he heard the noise upstairs.
③ He began to learn English when he was eleven.
④ The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast.
⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.
8.各個成分之間的位置關係：
1.主語一般在謂語前面。
2.賓語一般在謂語後面
3.定語一般修飾主語或者賓語的。
4.賓語在動詞後面或者在介詞後面
5.狀語修飾謂語。
6.賓語是對賓語補充說明的，和賓語之間有邏輯上的主謂關係。
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