「龍騰網」唐朝是如何失去統治，而被宋朝取代的？

正文翻譯
原創翻譯：龍騰網 http://www.ltaaa.com 翻譯：青丘國的守護者 轉載請註明出處

How did the Tang dynasty lose power to be succeded by the Song dynasty in China?
在中國，唐朝是如何失去統治，而被宋朝取代的？

評論翻譯
原創翻譯：龍騰網 http://www.ltaaa.com 翻譯：青丘國的守護者 轉載請註明出處
Kaiser Kuo, Dabbler in history
Answered May 12, 2015
The decline of the Tang,really began in the mid-8th century at the time of the An-Shi Rebellion. I''m going to dwell on this chapter of Tang history because it''s central to understanding the dynasty''s slow decline and eventual demise. Many of the problems that made the dynasty so weak after the rebellion are either evident in the rebellion itself, or resulted directly from it.
there are three other things I would focus on. They are 1) the dynasty''s persistent dependence on regional and often only semi-sinicized, semi-nomadic militarists; 2) the loss of control of the very important pastureland and the horse trade, which sapped the military might available to the very cavalry-dependent Tang military; and 3) the inward, anti-foreign turn that Tang state and society took, which stood in very stark contrast to the cosmopolitan embrace of the foreign that characterized the dynasty in its first, more vigorous half.
Yes, the dynasty continued on for another century-and-a-half (to 907) and there were actually significant stretches where stability and peace prevailed, where meaningful administrative reforms were implemented, and where culture continued to flourish. But fundamental problems were created by or exacerbated by the mid-8th century rebellion, and Tang never truly recaptured the glory of the Kaiyuan Shengshi, its belle epoch—the Xuanzong reign, 712–755.
唐王朝的衰落真正開始於8世紀中葉的安史之亂。我將詳細討論唐朝歷史的這一章，因為它是理解唐朝緩慢衰落和最終滅亡的核心。起義後使王朝如此軟弱的任何問題要麼在起義本身中很明顯，要麼就是直接由起義引起的。
有三件事我要關注。它們是：
1，王朝對地區的持續依賴，而且往往只有半中國化的、半遊牧的軍國主義者；
2，失去了對非常重要的牧場和馬匹貿易的控制，削弱了非常依賴騎兵的唐軍可能擁有的軍事力量；3，唐朝國家和社會採取的向內、排外的轉向，這與前半個朝代更具活力的外向性擁抱世界形成了非常鮮明的對比。
是的，這個王朝又持續了一個半世紀(到907年)，實際上有很長的一段時間，穩定與和平占主導地位，實施了有意義的行政改革，文化繼續繁榮。但基本問題是由8世紀中葉的叛亂造成或加劇的，唐朝從未真正奪回開元盛世的榮耀，它的開元盛世--玄宗統治，公元712-755。

First, a bit about the An-Shi or An Lushan Rebellion (in Chinese, literally "the Chaos of An-Shi," 安史之亂, An-Shi zhi luan). The "An" refers to An Lushan, and the "Shi" to a follower of his named Shi Siming, who carried on the rebellion after An''s death. An Lushan was an important military commander of Sogdian and Turkic descent. Lushan appears to have been the sinicized form of his Sogdian name, Rokhshan. A favorite of Yang Guifei, or "Precious Consort Yang," a favorite of the Xuanzong Emperor (a.k.a. Tang Minghuang, r. 712–755), An Lushan clashed with her cousin, Yang Guozhong, who was chancellor during the latter years of Xuanzong''s reign, and believing a plot was afoot to strip him of command, he rebelled in 755.
首先，關於安史之亂（中文，字面意思是“安史之亂”，）。“安”是指安祿山，而“史”則是指安祿山的一個追隨者，他的名字叫史思明，他在安祿山死後進行了叛亂。安祿山是粟特人和突厥人後裔的重要軍事指揮官。安祿山似乎是他的粟特人名字Rokhshan的中國化形式。楊貴妃（又名“貴妃，楊貴妃”，玄宗皇帝（又名唐明皇，R.712-755））的寵兒，安祿山與玄宗末年的大臣楊國忠（音譯）的表妹發生衝突，他認為有陰謀要剝奪他的指揮權，於是於755年叛變。
What was a half-Turkic, half-Sogdian doing commanding some of Tang China''s most important military units? A bit of background about Tang is in order.
During the long period between the effective collapse of the Eastern Han dynasty in the late 2nd century (it formally ended in 220, but for the last 36 years or so was a fiction) until the Sui dynasty reunified China in the late 6th century, China was very much divided, with at best very short periods of quasi-unity. During that time, North China saw many different groups of proto-Mongolic, and later Tungusic and Turkic peoples cross the line between steppe and sown and carve out kingdoms for themselves on the corpse of the Han dynasty. By the time of the Sui reunification, the aristocracy of North China was heavily intermarried with these people from the steppe. They affected dress that was heavily influenced by Central Asia (trousers, mainly), they valued horsemanship and horseback archery, and they played a game that''s an unmistakable ancestor of polo.

（譯註：斯基泰人（Scythians，希臘語Σκύθαι），是公元前8世紀—公元前3世紀位於中亞和南俄草原上印歐語系東伊朗語族之遊牧民族。又譯“西古提”人(（Skutai）、西徐亞人或賽西亞人；古代波斯人稱之為Saka（薩卡人），分為戴尖帽塞人、飲豪麻汁塞人、海那邊的塞人；古代亞述人稱之為Ashkuzai，古波斯和古印度人稱之為Saka；古希臘人稱之為Skuthoi或Sacae；中國《史記》、《漢書》中稱之為“塞”或“塞種”、尖帽塞人或薩迦人。）
（譯註：公元前3～公元4世紀時南俄草原及巴爾幹東部地區的居民。屬東伊朗人種，操北伊朗語。原來生活在鹹海沿岸及其以東地區。公元前6世紀時，開始向西北移動，進入烏拉爾丘陵地帶。公元前 5世紀時，已佔據烏拉爾河與頓河之間的草原。公元前4世紀時，薩爾馬特人越過頓河，開始攻擊斯基泰人。至公元前2世紀，已征服了大部分斯基泰部落，成為南俄草原的霸主。公元1世紀時，控制除克里木半島以外的所有南俄草原地區，轉而與羅馬帝國為敵。）
An Lushan commanded such a force, centered around modern Hebei province in the area surrounding modern Beijing. (Indeed, during the rebellion he established a short-lived state in Beijing, called Yan after the Yan kingdom of the Warring States period).
The irony is that the commanders and troops that were raised to end the An-Shi Rebellion were also often drawn from this same type, but the price for their help was even greater autonomy. These jiedushi (節度使)— military governors or military commissioners of regional commanderies—were really just straight-up warlords. Both An Lushan and the most effective general who fought him and Shi Siming, a general named Guo Ziyi (who family legend, without any evidence I''ve ever seen, claims is my ancestor) were jiedushi. Their internecine power struggles, and their increasing independence from the court, would be a major cause of the Tang decline.
It''s significant that the first emperor of the Song dynasty, which (after a 54-year period of chaos and disorder that followed on the Tang''s actual collapse in 907) reunified China in 960, put an end to the jiedushi system basically by summoning all the military governors to a banquet and convincing them to take a nice severance package and retire from military life.
安祿山指揮著這樣一支力量，以近代河北省為中心，在近代北京周邊地區。（事實上，在叛亂期間，他在北京建立了一個短暫的國家，在戰國時期的燕國之後被稱為燕國）。

具有諷刺意味的是，為結束安史之亂而提拔出來的指揮官和部隊往往也是從這一類型中抽調出來的，但他們幫助的代價是更大的自治權。這些節度使)---軍事長官或地區指揮官的軍事專員---實際上只是直截了當的軍閥。
（譯註：郭子儀（697年—781年），字子儀，華州鄭縣（今陝西渭南市華州區） [1] 人。唐朝名將，政治家、軍事家。
早年以武舉中第，入仕從軍，累遷九原太守，未受重用。安史之亂爆發後，拜朔方節度使，率兵勤王，收復河北和河東地區，拜兵部尚書、同平章事。至德二年（757年），輔佐廣平王李俶收復兩京，遷司徒，封代國公。乾元元年（758年），拜中書令。乾元二年（759年）五月，承擔相州兵敗之責，罷職賦閒。
寶應元年（762年）初年，河東兵變後，封為汾陽王，起兵平定叛亂，事後解除兵權。廣德元年（763年）冬天，吐蕃攻破長安後，奉命調兵遣將，驅逐吐蕃敵軍。 廣德二年（764年），僕固懷恩引領吐蕃和回紇入侵時，單騎說服回紇，合兵大破吐蕃。
大曆十四年（779年），唐德宗即位後，拜太尉、中書令，充皇陵使，賜號“尚父”，增加食邑，剝奪實權。建中二年（781年），去世，享年八十五歲，追贈太師，諡號忠武，配饗代宗廟廷，陪葬建陵。）
一個阻止安史之亂最有效的將軍名叫郭子怡(他的家族傳說，沒有任何證據，我從未見過，聽說是我的祖先)是節度使。他們之間的權力鬥爭，以及他們日益獨立於朝廷之外，將是唐朝衰落的主要原因。
宋朝的第一位皇帝在960年統一了中國，結束了唐朝在907年崩潰後長達54年的混亂和混戰，並且基本上結束了節度使制度，召集了所有的軍官參加宴會，說服他們接受一個不錯的遣散費，然後從軍中退休，這一點很有意義。

And finally, the inward turn I mentioned. Tang China was famously cosmopolitan in its heyday, and much of its strength derived from the openness of and diversity of its society, and the syncretic nature of its cultural and intellectual life—a bit like America, perhaps, today. That changed after the An Shi rebellion. Things that were foreign were suddenly regarded with a certain distrust. Students of Chinese history, at least back in my day, would learn that this inward turn was best exemplified by an aggressively conservative Confucian scholar named Han Yu (768–824). Han Yu, who is widely regarded as a forerunner of the Confucian revival of the Song and Ming dynasties that would come to be called Neo-Confucianism, was (it is said; I can''t personally attest to this) an extremely gifted prose stylist and a very influential writer. Among his most famous works is memorial—a screed, really—against Buddhism, which he wrote on learning that the reigning emperor planned on erecting some monument for, and throwing a grand procession to commemorate, a Buddhist relic, reportedly the finger bone of the Gautama Buddha. He attacked Buddhism on the grounds that it was foreign, which was a tremendous change from the earlier half of the dynasty when there was a craze for all things foreign.
The blow that mortally weakened Tang was the Huang Chao rebellion, which raged for a full decade from 874 to 884. It was in many ways your standard, textbook peasant uprising resulting from all the usual markers of a dynastic decline: Famine, natural catastrophe, burdensome taxation, eunuch corruption and what have you. Huang Chao himself though was an interesting character. He was very wealthy, as the son of very successful salt merchants (or smugglers), and despite his first-rate education was a failed civil service exam candidate. He was able to basically buy himself a substantial private army. It was a lieutenant of Huang Chao, a first bought off by the Tang court, who finally brought the rotting dynasty to its final ignominious end.
最後，我提到了內心的轉變，唐朝在鼎盛時期以國際化著稱，其實力很大程度上來自於社會的開放性和多樣性，以及文化和知識生活的融合性——也許有點像今天的美國。
安史起義後，情況發生了變化。突然間，人們對外國的東西產生了某種不信任。至少在我那個時代，中國歷史的學生會發現，這種內向的轉變最好的例證是一位激進的保守的儒家學者韓愈（768-824）。韓愈被廣泛認為是宋明理學復興的聖人，他是一位極具天賦的散文文學家和一位非常有影響力的作家。他最著名的作品之一是《祭十二郎文》，這是一部真正反對佛教的作品，他是在得知皇帝計劃為一件據說是高達摩佛陀的指骨的佛教文物豎立紀念碑，並舉行盛大的遊行來紀念時寫的。他攻擊佛教是因為它是外國的，這是一個巨大的變化，從上半個王朝時，當時對一切外國的東西都很狂熱。
（譯註：韓愈（768年－824年12月25日），字退之，河南河陽（今河南省孟州市）人。自稱“郡望昌黎”，世稱“韓昌黎”、“昌黎先生”。唐代傑出的文學家、思想家、哲學家、政治家。）
（譯註：《祭十二郎文》是唐代文學家韓愈一篇對其侄十二郎所寫的祭文。文章既沒有鋪排，也沒有張揚，作者善於融抒情於敘事之中，在對身世、家常、生活遭際樸實的敘述中，表現出對兄嫂及侄兒深切的懷念和痛惜，一往情深，感人肺腑。反正感覺就是說佛教是悲觀主義）

唐朝受到的致命打擊是從874年到884年，整整十年的黃巢起義。在許多方面，公認的說法會認為，這是教科書式的農民起義，是由王朝衰落的所有通常標誌所導致的：饑荒，自然災害，繁重的稅收，太監腐敗和你所擁有的一切。
不過，黃巢本人是個有趣的人物。作為一個非常成功的鹽商（或走私者）的兒子，他非常富有，儘管他受過一流的教育，他還是一個考試失敗的公務員候選人，他基本上能為自己買一支龐大的私人軍隊。黃巢的中尉只是他買的，所以是誰終於把腐朽的帶向了恥辱的結局？
（譯註：黃巢起義，指的是乾符五年（878年）至中和四年（884年）由黃巢領導的民變，是王仙芝起義的後續。也是唐末民變中，歷時最久，遍及最大，影響最深遠的一場農民起義。黃巢之亂轉戰近半唐朝江山，導致唐末國力大衰。）