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概述
⒈ 引用或轉述別人說的話時有兩種方法：直接引述別人的原話，這叫做直接引語（direct speech)，一般直接引語前後要加引號。
如：Mr.Black said,“I'm busy.”佈菜克先生說：“我很忙”。（直接引語）
⒉ 用自己的話轉述別人的話，叫間接引語（indirect speech)，一般間接引語不用引號，而用賓語從句來表達。
Mr.Black said that he was busy.佈菜克先生說他很忙。（賓語從句是間接引語）
⒊ 從上例看來，直接引語改為間接引語時，除將直接引語改為賓語從句之外，還須對直接引語中的人稱和時態進行相應的變化 ，如上例直接引語中的I改成了he，am則改成了was。
現將由直接引語改為間接引語時應注意的問題分述如下：
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當直接引語是陳述句時
直接引語如果是陳述句，變為間接引語時，用連詞that引導（that在口語中常省去），that從句之前用say、tell等動詞，從句中的人稱、時態、指示代詞、時間狀語、地點狀語等要作相應的變化。
⒈ 人稱的變化
① 直接引語改為間接引語人稱要相應的變化，把直接引語中的第一人稱（如：I，me,my，mine,we,us,our,ours)
變為與主句的主語相一致的人稱。如：He said,“I like it very much.”他說：“我非常喜歡它”。
→He said that he liked it very much.他說他非常喜歡它。（I改為he，it不變）
② 把直接引語中的第二人稱(you,your,yours)變為和主句的間接賓語（即聽話人，如無話人，可根據上下文的體會人為確定一個人稱）相一致的人稱。
He said,"You told me this story.”他說：“你給我講過這個故事。”
→He said that I had told him that story.他說我給他講過那個故事。（You改為I，me改為him，told改為had told)
③ 直接引語中的第三人稱(he,him,his,she,her,hers,it,its,they,their,theirs,them)變為間接引語時，人稱不變。
He said to me,“She's left her book in your room”.他對我說：“她把書放在你的房間裡去了。
→He told me that she had left her book in my room.他對我說她把書放在我的房間裡（She's→she had,her不變，your→my)
⒉ 時態的變化
① 主句的謂語動詞是一般過去時
如主句的謂語動詞是一般過去時，直接引語變間接引語時，從句的謂語動詞在時態方面要作相應的變化。直接引語改為間接引語時，動詞時態相應變化如下：
He said,"I usually watch TV on Sunday.”他說：“我常在星期天看電視”。
→He said that he usually watched TV on Sunday.他說他常在星期天看電視。
He said,“I'm using the knife.”他說：“我正在用小刀。”
→He said that he was using the knife.他說他正在用小刀。
She said,“I have not heard from him since May.”她說：“自從五月份來我就沒收到他的來信。”
→She said that she had not heard from him since May.她說自五月以來她就沒收到他的來信。
He said,“I came to help you.”他說：“我來幫助你。”
→He said that he had come to help me.他說他來幫助我。
He said,“I had finished my homework before supper.”他說：“晚飯前我己做完了作業。”
→He said that he had finished his homework before supper.他說晚飯前他己做完了作業。
Zhou Lan said,“Ill do it after class.”周蘭說：“下課後我就去做。”
→Zhou Lan said that she would do it after class.周蘭說下課後她就去做。
He said,“I shall be doing my homework then.”他說：“那時我將正在做作業。”
→He said that he should be doing his homework then.他說那時他將正在做作業。
He said,“We shall have finished the work by that time.”他說：“我們將在那時以前完成工作。”
→He said that they should have finished the work by that time.他說他們將在那時前完成工作。
注意：直接引語如果是客觀真理、名人名言、與一個具體的過去時間連用說明客觀事實時，變為間接引語時，時態不變。
The teacher said,“The earth is round.”老師說：“地球是圓的。”
→The teacher said that the earth is round.老師說地球是圓的。
He said,"I was born in Shangdong in 1965.”他說：“我1965年生於山東。”
→He said that he was born in Shangdong in 1965.他說他1965年生於山東。
He said,“Columbus discovered America in 1492.”他說：“哥倫布在1492年發現了美洲。”
→He said Columbus discovered America in1492.他說哥倫布在1492年發現了美洲。
② 主句的謂語動詞是現在時或將來時如果主句的謂語動詞是現在時或將來時，直接引語變為間接引語時，時態一律不變
He says,“I finished the work.”他說：“我做完工作了。”
→He says that he finished the work.他說他做完工作了。
He will say,"I have watered the flowers.”他會說：“我己經澆花了。”
→He will say he has watered the flowers.他會說他己經澆花了。
⒊ 指示代詞、時間狀語和地點狀語的相應變化見下表：
He said,"I met Mr.Smith this morning.”他說“我今天早晨見到史密斯了。”
→He said that he had met Mr.Smith that morning.他說他那天早晨見到史
密斯了。
He said,“We went to the cinema yesterday.”他說：“我們昨天去電影院了。”
→He said they had gone to the cinema the day before.他說前一天他們去電影院了。
Lily said,“I will come back next month.”莉莉說：“我下個月回來。”
→Lily said that she would go back the next month.莉莉說她下一個月就回去。
He said,“It is nine o'clock now.”他說：“現在九點了。”
→He said that it was nine o'clock then.他說那時九點了。
He said,"I haven't seen her today.”他說：“今天我沒見到她。”
→He said that he hadn't seen her that day.他說那天他沒有見到她。
She said,“I went there yesterday.”她說：“昨天我去了那兒。”
→She said that she had gone there the day.before.她說前一天她去了那兒。
She said,“Ill go there tomorrow.”她說：“明天我將去那兒。”
→She said that she would go there the next day.她說第二天她將去那兒。
He said,"My sister was here three days ago.”他說：“三天前我妹妹在這兒。”
→He said that his sister had been there three days before.他說三天前他妹妹在那兒。（here-there；ago-before)
She said,“I will come here this evening.”她說：“今晚我將來這兒。”
→She said that she would go there that evening.她說那晚她將去那兒。(come-go；here-there；this-that)
以上這些變化，要根據說話的具體時間和具體地點的情況而定，不可機械照搬。如果就在當地轉述，here就不必改為there,come也不必改為go，如果就在當天轉述，yesterday或tomorrow等時間狀語也不必改變。直接引語中的一般過去時如與一個具體的過去時間狀語連用，間接引語的一般過去時時態不變。
Father said,“I am free this afternoon”父親說：“我今天下午有空。”
→Father said that he was free this afternoon.父親說他今天下午有空。
He said,"I am going there tomorrow.”他說“我明天去那裡。”
→He said that he was going there tomorrow.他說他明天去那裡。
巧記：去掉引號加that，人稱變化要靈活，時態向後退一步，狀語變化按規定。
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當直接引語是疑問句時
直接引語如為疑問句，改為間接引語時，須將疑問句的語序改為陳述句的語序。其人稱、時態等相應的變化同上。
巧記：if(或whether)替引號，陳述語序要記牢。時態人稱和狀語要變化，千萬別把它忘掉。
⒈ 直接引語是一般問句
變為間接引語時，須用連接詞whether或if將其引出，使其成為間接引語的賓語從句。如果主句中的謂語動詞為said，則將其改為asked。如果謂語動詞後沒有間接賓語，可以加上一個間接賓語me,him，her，them,us等。
She said,“Is your father an engineer?”她說：“你父親是工程師嗎？”
→She asked me whether my father was anengineer.她問我說我父親是否是工程師。
The teacher said to Li Ming,“Have you finished your homework?”老師對李明說：“你做完作業了嗎？”
→The teacher asked Li Ming whether he had finished his homework.老師問李明是否已做完作業了。
⒉ 直接引語是特殊問句
如果直接引語為特殊疑問句，改為間接引語時，仍用特殊疑問句中的疑問詞what,where，when,who,how many作為連接詞將其引出，構成間接引語中的賓語從句，但須將疑問式的動詞改為陳述式。如果主句中的謂語動詞為said，則將其改為asked。
巧記：直接去引號，陳述語序莫忘掉。助動do(does)、did,要去掉。
“What do you do every Sunday morning?”my friend said to me.我的朋友問我說，每星期天上午你做什麼？
→My friend asked me what I did every Sunday morning.我的朋友問我每星期天上午我做什麼。
“Where have you been,Li Ming?"the teacher asked.老師問道：“你上哪裡去了，李明？”
→The teacher asked Li Ming where he had been.老師問李明曾去過哪兒。
I asked her,“How many English books will you read next term?”我問她說：“下學期你將讀多少本英語書？”
→I asked her how many English books she would read the next term.我問她下學期將讀多少本英文書。
“When did you get up this morning?"asked my father.我父親問道：“今天早晨你什麼時候起床的？”
→My father asked me when I had got up that morning.我父親問我那天早晨我是什麼時候起床的。
注意：直接引語裡是：What's wrong with.....?/What's the matter?/What's the trouble?/What has happened?/等特殊疑問句時，間接引語的語序不變。
He said to her"What's the matter with you?”他問她“你怎麼了？”
→He asked her what was the matter with her.他問她怎麼了。
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當直接引語是祈使句時
巧記：去掉引號要加to；ask，order須記住，直引若是否定式，not加在to前部。
轉述祈使句時，要使祈使句的動詞原形變為帶to的不定式，並在不定式的前面根據句子的意思加上tell、ask、order等動詞，如果祈使句為否定式，在不定式的前面加not。如果祈使句中有please一詞，改為間接引語時，就將please去掉。成為：told(asked，ordered，warned)someone(not)to do something結構。
He said,“Sit down,please.”他說：“請坐。”
→He asked me to sit down.他讓我坐下。
The teacher said,“Don't talk in class!”老師說：“上課不要講話！”
→The teacher told us not to talk in class!老師要我們上課不要講話。
The captain said to his men,“Fire!”上尉對他的士兵們說“開火！”
→The captain ordered his men to fire.上尉命令他的士兵們開火！
The policeman said to the children,"Don't play football in the middle of the street.”警察對孩子們說：“別在馬路中間踢足球。”
→The policeman warned the children not to play football in the middle of the street.警察警告孩子們不要在馬路中間踢足球。
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and連接的句子
在由and連接的句子中，為避免重複常省略一些重複的詞或詞組。
⒈ 省略共同的主語或賓語。
如：Mr. Smith picked up a coin in the road and (Mr.Smith)handed it to a policeman.
⒉ 若主語不同而謂語助動詞，情態動詞相同，則省略後面的助動詞或情態動詞。
如：Jack must have been playing football and Mary (must have been)doing her homework.
⒊ 若主語與謂語動詞相同，則省略後面的主謂成分。
如：His advice made me happy, but (his advice made) Jim angry.
⒋ 若主語不同，但主要動詞及後續部分相同，則省略主要動詞及後續部分。
如：I was born in winter in 1988 and Bob ( was born in winter) in 1989.
⒌ 省略重複的介詞，連詞及後續部分。
如：He was late because he had overslept and ( because he had) missed the train.
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狀語從句的省略
⒈ 在when, while, whenever, till, as soon as, if, unless, as if, though, as, whether等引導的狀語從句中，若謂 語有be, 而主語有跟主句主語相同或是it時，則從句的主語和be常被省略。
如：As (he was) young, he was a store-keeper.
His opimion, whether (it is) right or wrong , would be considered.
⒉ 在as, than, however, whatever, no matter what等引導的從句中常省略某些成分。
如：Anyone, no matter who (he is), may point out our shortcomings.
I can only do it the way as ( I was) told to (do it that way).
⒊ 虛擬條件句常省略if, 將were, had, should 提前構成部分倒裝。
如：Should there be a flood =(If there should be a flood), what should we do?
⒋ 有些狀語從句置於句末，可作句尾省略，有時可省略整個從句。
如：John will go there if my brother will (go).
I would have come yesterday (if I had wanted to ).
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定語從句和名詞性從句中的省略
⒈ 在限定性定語從句中，作賓語用的關係代詞whom, which, that可省略；在以the same…as和such as引出的某些定語從句中，也可省略與主句相同部分。
如：The girl (whowhom hat) the teacher spoke to is Liu Ying.
I don't like such books as this (is).
⒉ 定語從句中的“主語+系動詞be”可以省略。
如：The goods (which were) ordered last month haven't arrived yet.
⒊ 在know, think, consider, suppose, find, believe, say, decide等動詞後面所接的賓語從句中，連詞that可以省略；若帶有多個賓語從句，只有第一個that可省略，其餘的則不能。
如：I think (that) it will clear up(轉晴)this afternoon.
He said(that) the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart.
⒋ 由which, when, where, how和why引導的賓語從句，可全部或部分省略。
如：He will come back, but he doesn't know when ( he will come back).
⒌ 在與suggest, request, order, advise等詞相關的名詞性從句中，須用虛擬語氣形式'should+動詞原形，should可省略。
如：The officer ordered that his men (should) fire.
It is suggested that we (should) go to see the flim.
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複合句中特殊的省略現象
⒈ 主句省略多用於句首，在答句中，主句或者一些成分可全部省略。
如：(It is a) Pity that I didn't go to mary's birthday party yesterday.
⒉ 省略一個從句或從句的一部分，可用so或not代替。
如：—She may not be free today.
—If so (so=she is not free today), we will have to report the manager.
—Is he feeling better today?
—I'm afraid not(not=he isn't feeling better today).
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動詞不定式省略，只保留to的場合
⒈ 不定式作某些動詞的賓語時，常見動詞如like, love, care, hope, wish, expect, afford, forget, prefer, refuse, mean, try, oblige（強迫）,advice, persuade, agree, want, remember, manage等。
如：You can do it this way if you care to.
—You should have thanked her before you left.
—I mean to , but when I was leaving I could't find her anywhere.
⒉ 不定式在句中作某些動詞後的賓補或主補時，常見的有ask, tell, advise, force, persuade, wish, allow, permit等。
如：She wants to come but her parents won't allow to.
⒊ 不定式在句中作某些形容詞的狀語時，常見形容詞如happy, glad, eager, anxious, willing, ready等。
如：I think she should get a job, but you can't force her to if she's not ready to
—I'll be away on a business trip. Could you mind looking after my cat?
—Not at all. I'd be happy to.
⒋ 不定式作某些複合謂語時，常見結構如be able to, be going to , have to, ought to, used to等。
如：He doesn't like fish but he used to.
注意,當省略的內容是作動詞用的have或be的任何形式時,to 後面保留原形have或be.
如：He didn't come, but he ought to have.
Alice is not what she used to be.
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動詞不定式符號to 的省略
⒈ 主語部分有to do, 系動詞是 is或was時，作表語的不定式通常省略to.
如：The only thing you have to do is (to) press the button.
⒉ 作介詞but, except, besides的賓語時，前面有實義動詞do時，常省略不定式符號to.
Tom had nothing to do besides answer betters this morning.
⒊ 當兩個或多個不定式並列時，其後的不定式符號可省略，但有對比關係時則不省略。
如：It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.
⒋ 在see, watch, notice, hear, listen to, look at, feel, have make, let, leave, observe等詞後作賓語補足語時，省略不定式符號to；Why (not)do結構中不定式不帶to.
如：Did you notice her enter the room?
why not join us?
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介詞的省略
⒈ 一些常和動名詞、形容詞一起搭配的介詞常省略，而保留其後的 動名詞，常見的句型有spend/waste time(in)doing, lose no time(in)doing, have difficult/trouble (in) doing, be busy (in) doing, stop/prevent sb. (from) doing 等。
如：The heavy rain prevented him (from) arriving there on time.
She lost no time(in) giving the patient first aid.
⒉ 表示時間的介詞at, on和in 用在next, last, this, these, yesterday, tomorrow, one, any, every, each, some, all等詞之前，一般皆省略，表示一段時間狀語之前的for 也可省略。
如：We go to school every day except Sunday.
We have been here (for) three weeks.(否定句中不能省略for)
⒊ 表示行為方式的in在in this way, in the same way, in another way等詞組中，經常被省略。
如：He did it (in) this way.
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會話中的省略
省略在會話中應用廣泛，無論是回答別人問題，還是在接別人說話時都會發生，否則就覺得累贅。
如：—Do you like this shirt?
—Yes, (I like it) very much.
(Come) This way,please.
—What do you think made Mary so upset?
—Losing her bicycle(made her so upset).
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概念
英語的基本語序是“主語+謂語”，如果將謂語的一部分或全部放在主語之前，這種語序叫裝。倒裝既是一種語法手段，也是一種修辭手段，用於表示一定的句子結構或強調某一句子成分。
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倒裝的種類
如果將句子的主語和謂語完全顛倒過來，這稱之為完全倒裝。
如果只將助動詞或情態動詞移至主語之前，謂語的其他部分仍保留在主語的後面，這稱之為部分倒裝。
⒈ 完全倒裝
① 完全倒裝是將謂語的全部放在主語之前，此結構通常只用於一般現在時和一般過去時兩種。
如：On her left sat her husband.她左邊坐著她丈夫。
Here is the book you want.你要的書在這兒。
Down went the small boat.小船沉下去了。
② 常見的完全倒裝結構
⑴ there be句型。
如：desk.桌上有一個手機和一些書。
There are thousands of people gathering on the square.廣場上聚集著成千上萬的人
注意引導詞there還可以接appear,exist,lie,remain,seem,stand,live等詞。
There lived an old fisherman in the village.村裡住著一位老漁夫。
There stand two white house by the river.河濱立著兩座白房子。
There existed some doubt among the students.學生中有些懷疑。
⑵ 用於here,there,now,thus,then+動詞+主語的句型中（謂語動詞多為be，go，come等）。
如：Here comes the bus.汽車來了。
There goes the bell.鈴響了。
Now comes my turn.輪到我了。
Then came the order to take off.起飛的命令到了。
⑶ 以out，in，up，down,off,away等副詞開頭，謂語動詞是表示“移動”的go，come，leave等句子裡。
如：Away went the crowd one by one.人們一個一個地離去。
In came a stranger in black.進來了一位穿黑衣的陌生人。
Down fell the leave.,樹葉掉了下來。
注意在完全倒裝的結構裡，如果主語是人稱代詞，則用正常語序。
如：Out she went.她走了。
Here we are.我們到了。
⑷ 表示地點的介詞詞組位於句首，謂語動詞是表示“存在”之意的be,lie,stand,exist等句子中。
如：South of the lake lies a big supermarket.湖泊的南邊是一個大超市。
20miles east of our school lies a modern swimning pool.我們學校向東20英里有一個現代化的游泳池。
On the floor were piles of old books,magazines and newspapers.地板上是一堆堆舊的書報雜誌。
⑸“表語+系動詞+主語”結構。
如：Lucky is she who was admitted to a famous university last year.她很幸運，去年被一所名牌大學錄取。
Gone are the days when he was looked down upon.他被人看不起的日子一去不復返了。
Present at the meeting are some well-known scientists.一些知名的科學家出席了會議。
⒉ 部分倒裝
① 部分倒裝是指將謂語的一部分，如助動詞或情態動詞，移至主語之前。
如：Only by working hard can one succeed.只有努力才能成功。
Never have I seen her before.我以前沒見過她。
提示：如果句中的謂語沒有助動詞或情態動詞，則需添加助動詞do，does或did，並將其置於主語之前。
Well do I remember the day I joined the League.入團的那一天，我記憶猶新。
Little did I think that he could be back alive 我沒有想到他竟能活著回來。
② 常見的部分倒裝結構
含有否定意義的副詞或連詞（如 not,seldom,little,hardly,never,rarely,nowhere等）放在句首時。
如：He can not speak a single word of English.
→Not a single word of English can he speak.他連一個英語單詞都不會說。
He cares little about his clothes.
→Little does he care about his clothes.他不在乎穿著。
I have never seen hin before.
→Never have I seen him before.
→Never before have I seen him.我以前沒見過他。
The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.
→Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the roon.孩子睡著了，媽媽才離開房間。（Not until引出的主從複合句中，主句倒裝，從句不倒裝。）
Churchill wes not only a statesman,but a poet
→Not only was Churchill a statesman,but a poet.丘吉爾不僅是個政治家，而且還是個詩人。
I shall by no means give up.
→By no means shall I give up.我決不放棄。
必背：表示“網剛…….就……的倒裝結構
如：Hardly had he started to leave when it began to rain.他剛要離開，天就下起了雨。
Scarcely had he sat down when his mobile phone rang.他剛坐下，手機就響了。
No sooner had he handed in his paper than he realized his mistakes.他剛交卷就意識到出錯了。
3
副詞only+狀語放在句首時
only+狀語從句，從句不倒裝，主句倒裝
如：Only then did I see life was not easy.只有那時我才知道生活是不易的。
Only in this way can you use the computer well.只有用這種方法你才能把電腦學好。
0nly when he is seriously ill does he ever stay in bed.只有他病重時，他才待在床上。
4
So引導的倒裝句
so作“也”講時，引導的句子用倒裝語序，表示前面所說的肯定情況也適用於另一人（或物）。其句型是：So+be（have，助動詞或情態動詞）+主語。
如：She has been to Tokyo.So have I.她去過東京，我也去過。
He can send emai ls to his former classnates.So can she他能電子郵件給以前的同學，她也能。
He went to the film last night.So did I.昨天晚上他去看電影了，我也去了。
注意：如果對前面所說的內容，加以肯定，或不作“也”講而只起連詞作用，表示一種結果的意思，那不倒裝。
—Jack won the first prize in the contest.傑克在比賽中獲一等獎。
—So he did.確實是的。
—It is cold today.今天很冷。
—So it is and so was it yesterday.確實是很冷，昨天也很冷。
His mother told hin to go to the film.So he did.他母親叫他去看電影，他就去了。
5
neither/nor引導的句子
neither/nor引導的句子用倒裝語序，用於對前面所說的否定內容表示同樣的看法
如：I cannot swim.Neither can he.我不會游泳，他也不會。
注意：如果前面所說的內容既有肯定又有否定，或前後的謂語動詞形式不一致時，用“It is the same with+主語”結構或用“Soit is with+主語”結構。
如：He worked hard,but didn't pass the exam.So it was with his sister.他很努力，但沒有通過考試。他妹妹也是這樣。（既有肯定又有否定）
She is a teacher and she enjoys teaching.So it is with MrLi.她是老師，熱愛教書。李先生也是這樣。（謂語一個是系動詞，一個是行為動詞）
6
“so..…that..…和“such..that..”結構
“so..…that..…和“such..that..”結構中的so或such位於句首時。
如：He was so excited that he could not say a word.
—So excited was he that he could not say a word.他如此激動以至於一句話都說不出來。
His anger was such that he lost control of himself.
—Such was his anger that he lost control of himself.他是如此地生氣，以至於他不能控制自己了。
7
用於省略if的虛擬語氣條件狀語從句
如：Had you received your lessons,you might have passed the exam.
Were I to do the work,I should do it some other way.
Should I be free tomorrow,I could go with you.
8
as/though引導的讓步狀語從句中的倒裝
⒈ 表語提前，構成倒裝。
如：Though she is very pretty,she is not clever.
→Pretty though she is,she is not clever.雖然她很漂亮，但是她不聰明。
Although it may appear strange,it is true.
→Disabled as he was,he tried his best to serve the people.雖然他殘疾了，但他仍盡力為人民服務。
Although he is a child,he speaks fluent English.
→Child as he is,he speaks fluent English.雖然他是個孩子，但能講流利的英語。（名詞單數前不用不定冠詞a）
Though he is the shortest,he is the richest of the three.
→Shortest as he is,he is the richest of the three.雖然他是三個人中最矮的，卻是最富有的。（形容詞最高級前去定冠詞 the）
⒉ 動詞提前，構成倒裝。
Though they searched,they could not find anything in the house.
→Search as they did,they could not find anything in the house.雖然他們搜遍了，卻沒在房子裡找到任何東西。
Though I failed,I would try again.
→Fail as I didI would try again.儘管我失敗了，但我還要再試。
Though she may try again,she won't pass it.
Try as she may,(she won't pass it.儘管願意再試，她還是不會通過的。
⒊ 副詞提前，構成倒裝。
Though he tried hard,he couldn't pass the exam.
→Hard as he tried,he couldn't pass the exan.儘管他努力了，他還沒有通過考試。
Though I listened attentively,I still couldn't understand what he said at the meeting.
→Attentively as I listened,I still couldn't understand what he said at the meeting.儘管我專心聽了，我還是不懂他在會議上說的話。
Though he ran the fastest,he still didn't catch the train.
→Fastest as he ran,he still didn't catch the train.儘管他跑得最快，仍沒有趕上火車。
（副詞最高級前不用定冠詞 the）
1
強調句句型的種類及句型
⒈ 陳述句的強調句型：It is/ was + 被強調部分(通常是主語、賓語或狀語)+ that/ who(當強調主語且主語指人)+ 其他部分。
如：It was yesterday that he met Li Ping.
⒉ 一般疑問句的強調句型：同上，只是把is/ was提到it前面。
如：Was it yesterday that he met Li Ping?
⒊ 特殊疑問句的強調句型：被強調部分(通常是疑問代詞或疑問副詞)+ is/ was + it + that/ who + 其他部分?
如：When and where was it that you were born?
⒋ 強調句例句：針對I met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.句子進行強調。
① 強調主語： It was I that (who) met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.
② 強調賓語：It was Li Ming that I met at the railway station yesterday.
③ 強調地點狀語：It was at the railway station that I met Li Ming yesterday.
④ 強調時間狀語：It was yesterday that I met Li Ming at the railway station.⑤注意：構成強調句的it本身沒有詞義；強調句中的連接詞一般只用that、who，即使在強調時間狀語和地點狀語時也如此，that， who不可省略；強調句中的時態只用兩種，一般現在時和一般過去時。原句謂語動詞是一般過去時、過去完成時和過去進行時，用It was…，其餘的時態用It is…
2
not … until … 句型的強調句
⒈ 句型為：It is/ was not until + 被強調部分 + that + 其他部分
如：普通句：He didn't go to bed until/ till his wife came back.
如：強調句：It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed.
⒉ 注意：此句型只用until，不用till。但如果不是強調句型，till， until可通用;因為句型中It is/ was not …… 已經是否定句了，that後面的從句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。
3
謂語動詞的強調
⒈ It is/ was …… that …… 結構不能強調謂語，如果需要強調謂語時，用助動詞do/ does或did.
如：Do sit down. 務必請坐。
He did write to you last week. 上週他確實給你寫了信。
Do be careful when you cross the street. 過馬路時，務必(千萬)要小心啊!
⒉ 注意：此種強調只用do/ does和did，沒有別的形式;過去時用did，後面的謂語動詞用原形。
4
強調句的疑問句
⒈ 強調結構的疑問形式：強調一般疑問句中的某一成分時，要在主句中用一般疑問句的順序。
如：Was it you that/who broke the window?
Was it in the war that he lost his son?
⒉ 強調特殊疑問句中的疑問詞，其結構模式是：“疑問詞+is/was+it +that。”它同感嘆句的強調模式極其相似，首先將疑問句開頭的部分作為強調部分，套入強調結構，然後再將其變為疑問句。
如：Where were you born?
→Where was it that you were born?
What did you want to see?
→What was it that you wanted to see?
How many people are being trained for the special work?
→How many people is it that are being trained for the special work?
5
強調句型中的主謂一致
⒈ 被強調的成分為原句的主語時，that/who之後的謂語動詞應與被強調的名詞或代詞在人稱和數方面保持一致關係，從而選用恰當的動詞形式。
如：It is you who/that are wrong.
It is I who/that am answering the question.
⒉ 但是如果被強調的部分是人稱代詞，按理應用人稱代詞主格形式，但在口語或非正式文體中也可以用其賓格形式，此時that/who的謂語動詞要用單數第三人稱形式is或was。
如：It is me who is being asked the favor.
⒊ 另在Itis/was…，not…that…句型中，其謂語動詞應與肯定部分的詞保持一致關係。
如：It is my brother,not I that studies in that school.
It is you,not your sister that are in charge of the company.
6
感嘆句的強調結構
既要體現強調句型的形式特徵，又要體現感嘆句的自然語序。
如：How happy he looks!→How happy it is that he looks!
What a clever boy he is!→What a clever boy that he is!
1
概念
虛擬語氣：表示動作或狀態不是客觀存在的事實，而是說話人的主觀願望、假設或推測等。
如：If I were you,I should study English.如果我是你，我就學英語了。
May you succeed!祝您成功！
2
虛擬語氣在條件從句中的用法
條件句有兩類，一類是真實條件句，一類是虛擬條件句。
⒈ 真實條件句
如果假設的情況是有可能發生的，就是真實條件句。在這種真實條件句中的謂語用陳述語氣。
如：If it doesn't rain tomorrow,we will go to the park.如果明天不下雨，我們就去公園。
⒉ 虛擬條件句
如果假設的情況是過去或現在都不存在的，或將來不大可能發生的，則是虛擬條件句。
如：If he had seen you yesterday,he would have asked you about it.如果他昨天見到你，他會問你這件事的。（事實上他昨天沒見到你，因此也未能問你這件事。）
⒊ 錯綜時間條件句
當條件狀語從句表示的行為和主句表示的行為所發生的時間不一致時，被稱為錯綜時間條件句，動詞的形式要根據它表示的時間作出相應的調整。
如：If you had followed my advice just now you would be better now.
If you had studied hard before,you would be a college student now.
⒋ if省略句
在條件句中可以省略if，把were,had,should提到句首，變成倒裝句式。
如：If I were at school again,I would study harder.
→Were I at school again,I would study harder.如果我還有上學的機會，我會更加努力學習。
If you had come earlier,you would catch the bus.
→Had you come earlier,you would catch the bus.如果你來得早點，你就能趕上公共汽車。
If it should rain tomorrow we sould not go climbing.
→Should it rain tomorros iwe would not go climbing.如果明天下雨的話，我們就不能登山去了。
⒌ 用介詞代替條件狀語從句
常用的介詞有with,without，but for。
如：What would you do with a million dollars?(=if you had a nillion dollars)如果你有100萬元，你會做什麼？
We couldn't have finished the work ahead of time without your help(=if we hadn't got your help)沒有你的幫助，我們不可能提前完成這項工作。
Without your help we couldn't have finished the work ahead of time.
=But for your help,…
=If it had not been for your help,…
=Had it not been for you help,…
沒有你的幫助，我們不可能提前完成這項工作。
⒍ 含蓄條件句
有時在虛擬語氣中並不總是出現if引導的條件句，而是通過其他手段來代替條件句。
如：I was ill that day.Otherwise, would have taken part in the sports meeting.(副詞）
He telephoned to inform me of your birthday,or I would have known nothing about it.(連詞）
A man who stopped drinking water would be dead in about seven days.(定語從句）
I might hawe given you nore help,but I was too busy.(連詞）
Everything taken into consideration they would have rai sed their output quickly.(獨立主格結構)
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