Hello everyone and welcome back to English with Lucy. Today I have a video for you on shoulda, woulda, and coulda or actually should've, would've, and could've.
大家好，歡迎回到跟著Lucy學英語。今天我為你們呈上的視頻是關於shoulda，woulda，和 coulda，或者也寫作should've，would've，和 could've。
Now I cannot claim any of the glory for this video. This video idea was from my husband-to-be.
我不能搶走這個視頻的功勞。這個視頻的點子來自我的未婚夫。
He was listening to the shoulda woulda coulda song on holiday and had a brainwave and told me that I should make this video. And I can't believe I haven't made it before.
他休假的時候正在聽一首名為《shoulda woulda coulda》的歌，然後突然靈機一動跟我說我應該製作這期視頻。而且我不敢相信的是我之前都沒有做過相關視頻。
These are such important words that you must learn to use.Should have, would have, and could have——a past modals used hypothetically.
這些詞非常重要，你們一定要學會使用。本應該，本會和本可以——情態動詞表假設。
And this can be quite confusing. So I'm really happy that I can take the time today to clarify it for you.
它們的用法可能會令人困惑。所以我很開心我今天能花時間幫你們把它講清楚。
Ah, and don't forget there is a quiz at the end of the lesson and I'm very much looking forward to seeing your answers in the comment section down below. Quickly before we get started, I would just like to thank the sponsor of today's video.
啊，還有不要忘記，課程結束的時候會有一個小測試，我很期待在下面的評論區看到你們的答案。在我們開始之前，我想要感謝今天視頻的贊助商。
It's lingoda with the language sprint. Do you want to rapidly improve your speaking skills, your confidence and boost your fluency?
那就是lingoda帶來的語言衝刺。你想要快速提升你的口語技巧，自信並且大幅提升你的流利程度嗎？
What if I told you you could do this in just three months and earn up to a 100% refund? This opportunity is called the language sprint promotion, previously known as the lingoda language marathon.
如果我告訴你只需要三個月就可以達成這個目標，並且能夠獲得全額退款呢？這個機會就叫做語言衝刺促銷，之前的名字是lingoda語言馬拉松。
You can join the sprint in English, French, Spanish, German and business English. You take a class every day for 3 months, that's 30 classes per month, if you do the super sprint or there is the option of the standard sprint which is 15 classes per month.
你可以參加這個衝刺活動來學習英語、法語、西班牙語、德語和商務英語。如果你參加的是超級衝刺，你要連續三個月每天上一節課，也就是每個月上30節課，或者也可以選擇標準衝刺，也就是每個月上15節課。
I've tried lingoda myself and I was blown away by the experience. Lingoda is also now an authorized linguaskill agent for Cambridge Assessment English, which is incredible.
我親自試用過lingoda，我獲得了驚豔的體驗。Lingoda現在也成為了劍橋英語認證的一家授權語言技巧代理，這真是太棒了。
If Cambridge approves, they're pretty good. All teachers are qualified native speakers and you take classes at your convenience, anytime anywhere as long as you have a stable Internet connection.
如果劍橋都認證了，就說明他們真的很棒。所有的老師都是有資質的母語者，並且你可以在方便的時候上課，只要你有一個穩定的互聯網連接，你可以隨時隨地上課。
Group sizes are small with an average class size of just three students. You study a structured curriculum and all of your learning materials are provided.
課程人數很少，平均每個班級只有三個人。你會系統地學習課程，並且他們提供所有的教學材料。
This sprint starts on the 29th of January 2020 and finishes on the 27th of April 2020. You have to participate in an agreed number of classes every month in order to succeed.
這個衝刺活動於2020年1月29日開始，2020年4月27日結束。你們每個月要參加規定數目的課程才能成功。
You can only take one class per day, every day. Now originally lingoda, we're going to close the gates to the sprint on the 19th of December, but they've decided to give you more time so now you can sign up until the 27th of January.
你們每天智能上一節課。本來lingoda打算在12月19日關閉報名通道，但是他們決定再多給你們一些時間，這樣你們就可以在1月27日之前報名了。
After registering for the sprint, you automatically sign up for a three-month long subscription. But you can get a 10 euro discount on your first month of the sprint by using my code last call 6.
註冊完衝刺活動後，你就自動報名了一個為期三個月的訂閱。但是通過使用我的優惠碼“last call 6”，你們可以獲得10歐元的優惠券用於支付第一個月的費用。
Upon registration you agree to make one payment a month for three months, breaking down the initial cost. However, if you complete the Sprint by following the rules and attending and participating in every class, you will receive a 100% refund.
一經註冊就代表你同意連續三個月每個月進行一次付費，這樣就能夠減少初始費用。但是如果你準守規則並且每節課都出勤的話，就算完成了這次衝刺活動，那麼你會獲得全額退款。
How motivating is that for a language challenge. Study hard enough, get your money back.
這真是一個讓人動力滿滿的語言挑戰活動呀。努力學習然後獲得退款。
Graduates of previous lingoda language challenges have said that properly reading the rules is the key to getting that refund. More than 20,000 students have participated in six similar lingoda language challenges over the past three years.
Lingoda語言挑戰之前的畢業生們表示獲得退款的關鍵是要讀清楚規則。在過去的三年裡，已經有超過20000名學生參與了六項類似的lingoda語言挑戰活動。
For many, it has completely transformed their lives, allowing them to advance in their career, travel all over the world, and meet new people. They've shared their life-changing experience with lingoda and you can read about it on their website.
對於很多很來說，它徹底改變了他們的生活，讓他們在職業上有所精進，環遊世界，並且遇見新的人。他們跟ligoda分享了他們改變人生的體驗，你們可以在他們的網站上看到。
I've got some posts linked down below. I'd also encourage you to visit their Instagram page where you can read more inspiring stories.
我在下面放了一些鏈接。我還要推薦你們瀏覽他們的INS主頁，在那裡你們可以讀到更多令人振奮的故事。
So do you want to transform your speaking skills and your confidence quickly? Click on the link in the description box and use my code last call 6 for 10 euros off your first month.
所以你想要快速改變你的口語技巧以及自信心嗎？請點擊描述欄中的鏈接，並在使用我的優惠碼“last call 6”來獲得10歐元的優惠用於你的首月支付。
Right, let's get back to the lesson should have, would have, and could have. We often use these words to express regret to show that we are unhappy with a decision or action and wish that we had done something differently.
好的，我們言歸正傳，講講本應該，本會以及本可以吧。我們經常用這些詞來表達遺憾，表達我們對於某個決定或行動不滿意，並且希望我們之前沒有那樣做。
I'm going to give you a brief overview, so you get a general understanding, and then we're going to look a little bit deeper into shoulda, woulda, coulda, should have, would have, and could have. What's the difference between should've, would've, could've and should have, would have, and could have?
我要先給你們講一下概要知識，這樣你們就能有一個大致的瞭解，然後我們會再深入瞭解一下shoulda，woulda，coulda，即should have，would have，和 could have。Should've，would've，could've 跟 should have，would have，could have之間的區別是什麼呢？
Well, apostrophe ve is just the contracted form of "have". It makes it easier to say.
嗯，撇號加ve是have的縮寫。它便於發音。
Shoulda, woulda, and coulda is slang. Do not use it in an English exam.
Shoulda，woulda，和coulda是俚語。英語考試的時候不要使用。
For my initial examples, I'm going to use driving exams because I found learning to drive to be very very difficult. I really really struggled and I know a lot of you struggle with English.
我的第一個例子要用我的駕照考試，因為我發現學開車很難。我真的很痛苦，而且我知道你們很多人學英語也很痛苦。
So I think it's a similar concept. I found it very difficult to learn to drive and I failed my first two driving exams.
所以我想這是個類似的概念。我發現學開車很難，而且我頭兩次考試都掛了。
I do think that learning to drive is like learning a language. You can't just study loads and pick it up in one day.
我真的認為學開車跟學語言很像。你無法一次性學很多，然後一天之內就都掌握。
It's a slow process and some people are naturally better at it than others. But nearly everyone is capable of learning to drive confidently, and almost everyone is capable of learning to speak English confidently.
它是一個循序漸進的過程，而且有的人天生就比別人擅長。但是幾乎每個人都能夠學會自信地開車，並且幾乎每個人都能夠學會自信地說英語。
So let's look at an action or decision and its outcome. The action is that I didn't practice enough.
所以我們先來看看某種行為或決定及其結果。行為就是我沒有充分練習。
I didn't practice enough. The outcome: I failed my driving test.
我沒有充分練習。結果：我駕照考試掛了。
I failed my driving test. I didn't practice enough so I failed my driving test.
我駕照考試掛了。我沒有充分練習，所以我駕照考試掛了。
This is totally true, it's exactly what happened. My driving instructor was disappointed in me and he said you should have practiced more.
這是真的，這是真實發生的情況。我的教練對我很失望，然後他說，你本應該多練習的。
You should have practiced more. We use should have and past participle when something would have been a good idea, but we didn't do it.
你本應該多練習的。我們使用should have加上過去分詞來表示某件事情本來是個好主意，但是我們沒有做。
Practicing more would have been a good idea but I didn't do it and he said to me you should have practiced more. He also said you could have practiced more but you didn't.
多練習本是個好主意，但是我沒有做，所以他說你本應該多練習的。他還說，你本可以多練習的，但是你沒有。
You could have practiced more but you didn't. We use could have and past participle when something was possible in the past but we didn't do it.
你本可以多練習的，但是你沒有。我們使用could have加上過去分詞來表示某件事在過去是可能的，但是我們沒有做。
It was possible for me to practice more but I didn't do it. I was able to practice more, I had the ability to practice more, but I didn't.
我多練習是可能的，但是我沒有做。我本來可以多練習，我有能力多練習，但是我沒有。
He also said to me if you had practiced more, you would have passed the exam. If you had practiced more, you would have passed the exam.
他還對我說，如果你多練習了，你就會通過考試。如果你多練習了，你就會通過考試。
We use would have and past participle as part of the third conditional. If plus past perfect: if you had practiced, then would have and past participle: you would have passed.
我們使用would have加過去分詞作為第三條件句（注：與過去事實相反的虛擬條件句）的一部分。如果加上過去完成時：如果你練習了，然後是would have加上過去分詞：你就會通過考試。
This is used to describe a situation that didn't happen and to imagine the results of this situation. Now let's look a little deeper and analyze some more examples.
這個句式被用來描述過去沒有發生的情況，並且想象它發生的結果。現在我們來更深入瞭解，並分析更多的例句。
Let's take a look at should've. As I said before, we use should have and past participle when something would have been a good idea, but you didn't do it.
我們來看看should've。正如我之前所說，我們使用should have加上過去分詞來表示某事本來是個好主意，但是你沒有做。
When we use it to talk about someone else, it's like giving advice. An example, you should have asked me, I have loads of butter.
當我們用這個句式來談論別人，它就是在提建議。舉個例子，你應該問我的，我有很多黃油。
I'm sort of giving advice here. Next time they need butter, they should call me, because I have loads.
我在這裡可以說是在提建議。下一次他們需要黃油的時候，他們應該給我打電話，因為我有很多。
When we use it to talk about ourselves, it's like expressing regret. An example, I should have asked before going home early.
當我們用它來談論我們自己的時候，那就是在表達遺憾。舉個例子，我早退之前應該請示一下的。
I'm expressing regret. I regret leaving early without permission.
我在表達遺憾。我遺憾沒有獲得允許就早退了。
Now there is another use for should have and past participle. Slightly less common, but important all the same.
這個結構還有另一個用法。雖然不那麼常見，但是還是很重要。
It's used to talk about something that if everything has gone as expected, we think has already happened. Now we aren't a hundred percent certain that everything has gone as expected, so instead of using the present perfect or the past simple we use should have.
它被用來談論如果一切都按照預期的發生，那麼我們認為某事已經發生了。我們並不是100%確定一切都按照預期的發生，所以我們使用should have而不是現在完成時或過去完成時。
This will be much more clear in an example. I'll give that next, but just a quick note: we often use should have in this way with by now.
用一個例句就能夠講清楚這一點了。我稍後會給你們例句，但是這裡有個小提示：我們在這樣使用should have的時候會帶上by now到目前為止。
First example, William should have finished work by now. If everything is as expected, Will has finished work.
第一個例句，威廉姆現在應該已經完成工作了。如果一切如預期的那樣，威爾應該已經完成工作了。
Or George's bus should have arrived by now. If everything is as expected, George's bus has arrived.
或者，喬治的巴士現在應該已經到了。如果一切如預期的那樣，喬治的巴士應該已經到了。
Now there is another context for this. We can use this to talk about something that would have happened if everything went as expected, but it hasn't.
這種用法還有另一種語境。我們可以用它來談論如果一切按照預期，那麼某事就已經發生了，但是卻沒有。
I'm standing on a train platform. I'm waiting for a train to leave, but it hasn't.
我站在火車月臺上。我正在等火車開，但是卻沒有。
I could say the train should have left by now. Now what about shouldn't have and the past participle?
我可以說，火車現在本該走了。那麼shouldn't have加上過去分詞要怎麼用呢？
We use this to talk about something that wasn't a good idea but we did it anyway. For example, I shouldn't have called my ex-boyfriend last night.
我們用這個結構來談論某事並不是一個好主意，但是我們還是做了。比如，我本不該給我的前男友打電話的。
This is just an example, don't worry, I'm not calling ex-boyfriends. I knew it was a bad idea but I did it anyway and I regret it.
這只是個例句，別擔心，我才沒有給前男友打電話。我知道這是個壞主意，但是我還是做了，而且我很後悔。
Or another common one. Oh, you shouldn't have bought us gifts.
或者另一個常見的用法。哦，你不該給我們買禮物的。
A very common expression when you give someone a gift is oh, you shouldn't have. That's their response to the gift.
你在送別人禮物的時候經常會聽到，哦，你不該買的。這是他們對禮物的回應。
This means you really didn't need to. It wasn't expected.
這意味著你真的不必買。它是意料之外的。
It's a positive response, not a negative one. So don't worry if someone says you shouldn't have when you give them something.
這是一個褒義的回答，不是貶義的。所以如果你送別人東西的時候他們跟你說你本不該這樣的時候不要擔心。
Now what about could have and the past participle? We use could have and the past participle when something was possible in the past but you didn't do it.
那麼could have加上過去分詞怎麼用呢？我們用could have加上過去分詞來表示某件事情在過去是可能的，但是你卻沒有做。
For example, I could have gone to work but I decided to stay in bed and watch Love Actually. I watched that the other day.
比如，我本可以去工作的，但是我決定躺在床上看《真愛至上》。我前幾天看了這部電影。
It's so good. Going to work was possible but I didn't do it.
真的很不錯。去工作是可能的，但是我沒有那麼做。
Or I could have studied more but I was too busy partying. It was possible for me to study more but I didn't.
或者我本可以多學習的，但是我太忙於參加派對了。我本來是有可能多學習的，但是我沒那麼做。
We also used could have and the past participle when we are trying to make a guess about something that happened in the past. This is hypothetical.
我們還可以用could have加上過去分詞來表示我們在努力猜過去發生的事情。這是假設。
We don't know if what we are saying is true or not. It's just our opinion.
我們不知道我們所說的是否正確。這只是我們的觀點。
For example, if somebody asks why is James so late to this meeting, we could offer various opinions. He could have overslept.
比如，如果某人問為什麼詹姆士這麼這麼晚了還沒到會，我們可以提供各種觀點。他可能睡過頭了。
He could have missed the bus. He could have mysteriously died.
他可能錯過了巴士。他可能神秘死亡了。
All very valid opinions. So what about couldn't have plus the past participle?
都是合理的觀點。那麼couldn't have加過去分詞怎麼用呢？
This means that something wasn't possible in the past even if we had wanted to do it. For example, I couldn't have left any earlier.
這個結構的意思是某件事情在過去是不可能的，即使我們想要做它。比如，我不可能離開得更早了。
It was impossible for me to leave any earlier. Or a really nice one, she couldn't have been happier with her present.
我再離開早點是不可能的。或者一個非常好的用法，她對她的禮物不能再滿意了。
It was impossible for her to have been any happier. You often hear a lot of married couples saying, I couldn't have asked for a better husband or I couldn't have asked for a better partner in crime.
她不可能更高興了。你經常會聽到很多已婚夫婦說，我不可能找到更好的丈夫了，或者我不可能要求一個更好的死黨了。
And that seems to be something that everyone's saying all the time, partner in crime. I'm sure I've said it somewhere on my Instagram.
這似乎是大家總在說的話，死黨。我確定我在自己的INS上也說過這個。
Now let's discuss would have and the past participle. If plus past perfect and then would have and the past participle.
現在我們來討論一下would have加上過去分詞。“如果”加上過去完成時，然後是would have加上過去分詞。
We're describing a situation that didn't happen and imagining the result of the situation. If she had refused a starter, she would have had room for dessert.
我們是在描述沒有發生的情況，並且想象這種情況發生的結果。假如她拒絕了開胃菜，那麼她就有肚子吃點心了。
Or a negative version, if I hadn't gone to university, I wouldn't have become a doctor. There is another use of would have and the past participle.
或者否定句中，如果我沒有去上大學，我就不可能成為一名醫生。Would have加上過去分詞還有另一種用法。
We use it to talk about something we wanted to do but didn't. It's very similar to the third conditional, but we don't use an if clause.
我們用它來談論我們本來想做但是卻沒做的事情。這個類似於第三條件句，但是我們沒有使用if從句。
An example, I would have visited you more often but I was too busy with work. Or she would have texted me, but her phone was out of battery.
舉個例子，我本來要多看看你的，但是我當時太忙於工作了。或者她本來要給我發信息的，但是她的手機沒電了。
Right, I hope that is clear. Now for you, if it's not, feel free to ask any questions down below in the comment section, but before you do that we have a quiz, very important, again, I'd love you to share your answers.
好的，我希望我講清楚了。如果你們覺得沒講清楚，請自由地在下面的評論區問任何問題，但是在那之前，我們有一個小測試，同樣非常重要的是，我希望你們分享你們的答案。
I'll try and correct as many as I can but feel free to correct each other. So for these, it's a multiple-choice quiz and you have to pick the best fit.
我會盡力多批改的，但是請自由地互相批改。這些測試都是單項選擇，你們要選出最合適的選項。
Sometimes there are multiple options, but I want the best fit. Number one, you ' seen him in the supermarket, he was with me!
有時候答案可能不止一個，但是我想要最合適的那個。第一題，you ' seen him in the supermarket，he was with me！
You ' seen him in the supermarket, he was with me! Is it couldn't have, shouldn't have, or wouldn't have?
You ' seen him in the supermarket，he was with me！是couldn't have，shouldn't have，還是 wouldn't have呢？
. . . . . . Number two, yes, I know I ' studied last night but I did an escape room instead.
第二題，yes，I know I ' studied last night but I did an escape room instead.Yes，I know I ' studied last night but I did an escape room instead.
Yes, I know I ' studied last night but I did an escape room instead. Is it could have, should have, or would have?
是could have，should have，還是 would have呢？第三題，I ' been happy to have you stay，why didn't you ask？
. . . . . . Number three, I ' been happy to have you stay, why didn't you ask?
I ' been happy to have you stay，why didn't you ask？是could have，should have，還是 would have呢？
I ' been happy to have you stay, why didn't you ask? Is it could have, should have, or would have?
第四題，you ' left the party so early，it was really rude.You ' left the party so early，it was really rude.
. . . . . . Number four, you' left the party so early, it was really rude.
是couldn't have，shouldn't have，還是 wouldn't have呢？最後一題，第五題，if you had trained more thoroughly，you ' completed the marathon.
You ' left the party so early, it was really rude. Is it couldn't have, shouldn't have, or wouldn't have?
If you had trained more thoroughly，you ' completed the marathon.是could have，should have，還是 would have呢？
. . . . . . And the last one, number five, if you had trained more thoroughly, you ' completed the marathon.
好的，今天的課程就到這裡。別忘記在下面分享你們的測試答案。
If you had trained more thoroughly, you ' completed the marathon. Is it could have, should have, or would have?
如果你們對語言衝刺活動感興趣，並且想要報名，你們可以點擊描述欄中的鏈接，並且使用我的優惠碼“last call 6”來獲得10歐元的優惠用於第一個月的支付。別忘記在我所有的社交媒體上聯繫我。
. . . . . . Right, that's it for today's lesson.
我有臉書、INS、推特和個人頻道Lucy Bella Elle。我們下節課再見。
Don't forget to share your test results down below. If you are interested in the language sprint and want to sign up, you can click on the link in the description box and use my code last call 6 for a 10 euro discount on your first month.
Don't forget to connect with me on all of my social media. I've got my facebook, my Instagram, my Twitter and my personal channel called Lucy Bella Elle.
I will see you soon for another lesson.
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