整合 | 鮑亞婷 張丁源
>> 伊朗關閉了我們熟知的互聯網，這篇文章解釋了此次禁網的不同之處
>> 谷歌關於政治廣告的新規定依然允許政客投放虛假信息
>> 由於結算錯誤，麥當勞將追加新西蘭員工2900萬美元的工資
>> 美國家庭暴力受害者通過假裝點披薩報警
>> 烏干達百萬個安全套由於質量問題被召回
>> 印度連鎖咖啡店的顧客對使用面部識別技術結賬感到不滿
01
政治
The 'internet as we know it' is off in Iran.
Here's why this shutdown is different
伊朗關閉了我們熟知的互聯網
這篇文章解釋了此次禁網的不同之處
@CNN Nov 19, 2019
Experts say the shutdown is an attempt by the government to stop the flow of information and quash the demonstrations. David Kaye, the UN Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of the Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression, told CNN that the blackout makes it "harder for people to organize, harder for people to protest."
專家表示，這次關閉是政府試圖阻止信息流動，平息示威活動的舉措。聯合國促進和保護言論自由權利特別報告員戴維·凱伊告訴CNN，封鎖使“人們更難組織起來，更難進行抗議”。
Iran's minister of telecommunications Mohammad Javad Azari Jahromi said that the government had ordered the cutoff on Saturday and promised that it would return "soon," state broadcaster Press TV reported Monday.
"Internet will return to the life of the Iranian people soon and the government [will] continue to develop it," Mohammad Javad Azari Jahromi said, according to Press TV. He added that some essential online services had been switched to Iran's National Information Network (NIN), a centralized national intranet.
But on Tuesday, connectivity in Iran was down to just 4% of normal levels, according to Netblocks, a non-governmental organization that monitors internet governance.
據伊朗國家廣播電臺Press TV週一報道，伊朗電信部長穆罕默德·賈瓦德·阿扎裡·賈赫魯米表示，政府已於週六下令關閉網絡，並承諾將“很快”恢復。
據Press TV報道，賈赫魯米說:“互聯網將很快回到伊朗人民的生活中，政府也將繼續發展互聯網。”他還說到，一些重要的在線服務已經轉移到伊朗的國家信息網絡(NIN)，這是一個集中的國家內聯網。
但監控互聯網治理的非政府組織Netblocks的數據顯示，週二，伊朗的網絡連通性降至正常水平的4%。
This is not the first time that Tehran has shuttered online access to stop information from spreading. "After the 2009 presidential election, the Iranian government realized that the internet is key for communication between people not just inside the country, but also outside the country," Amir Rashidi, an internet security and digital rights researcher at the Center for Human Rights in Iran, told CNN.
This time though, the shutdown appears different.
這不是德黑蘭第一次關閉在線訪問以阻止信息傳播。“ 2009年總統大選後，伊朗政府意識到，互聯網不僅對於國內信息交流至關重要，在國外也同樣十分關鍵。”人權中心互聯網安全和數字版權研究人員阿米爾·拉希迪說道。
但是這次網絡關閉卻顯得有些不同。
Toker described the blackout as the "most severe disconnection tracked by NetBlocks in any country in terms of its technical complexity and breadth." According to NetBlocks' data, the switch off itself was so complex that it took 24 hours to complete.
And Doug Madory, the director of internet analysis at Oracle, said the latest incident is unusual in its scale. In the past, he said, Iran would either intentionally slow down the internet through bandwidth throttling, or block individual websites such as Facebook and Twitter.
This current blackout is way more advanced. "We're seeing a variety of different actions take place -- some networks have withdrawn their routes while others continue to announce routes but block traffic," Madory wrote in a blog on Oracle's website.
托克將此次禁網描述為“就其技術複雜性和廣度而言，這是有史以來所追蹤到的最嚴重的網絡中斷”。根據NetBlocks的數據，這次禁網本身非常複雜，甚至需要24小時才能完成。
甲骨文公司分析主管道格·馬多里表示，這起最新事件的規模不同尋常。他說，在過去，伊朗要麼通過限制帶寬故意減慢互聯網速度，要麼屏蔽Facebook和Twitter等個人網站。
這次斷網要先進得多。馬多里在甲骨文網站的一篇博客中寫道:“我們看到各種不同的行動正在發生——一些網絡已經撤回了他們的路由，而另一些繼續宣佈路由，但阻塞了流量。”
Google's updated ad policy will still allow politicians to run false ads
谷歌關於政治廣告的新規定依然允許政客投放虛假信息
@CNN Nov 20, 2019
Google announced updates to its political ad policy on Wednesday, but made no apparent changes to how it will treat lies pushed by candidates. The most significant change is that it will restrict how political ads can be targeted on its platforms.
As the 2020 US presidential election approaches, how online platforms will deal with misinformation and outright false claims by politicians has become a hot-button issue. Google — which has taken in tens of millions of dollars in political advertising in the United States since last year — has been until now notably quiet in the debate surrounding how online platforms handle political ads.
谷歌在週三更新其政治廣告政策，但關於候選人的虛假廣告，谷歌沒有采取任何措施。最重要的變化是，它將限制政治廣告在其平臺上的定位方式。
隨著2020年美國總統大選的臨近，網絡平臺將如何應對政客們的虛假信息和徹頭徹尾的虛假言論，已成為一個熱點問題。自去年以來，谷歌已經從美國的政治廣告中獲得了數千萬美元的收入。到目前為止，在圍繞網絡平臺如何處理政治廣告的辯論中，谷歌明顯保持了沉默。
President Donald Trump's reelection campaign ran an ad in October on Google-owned platform YouTube that falsely accused former Vice President Joe Biden of corruption for his role in Ukraine policy during the Obama administration.
A Google spokesperson confirmed to CNN Business on Wednesday that the ad would still be allowed to run on Google's platforms.
This stance comes even as Scott Spencer, a Google vice president, wrote in a blog post on Wednesday, "It's against our policies for any advertiser to make a false claim — whether it's a claim about the price of a chair or a claim that you can vote by text message, that election day is postponed, or that a candidate has died."
今年10月，美國總統唐納德•特朗普的連任競選團隊在谷歌旗下平臺YouTube上發佈了一則廣告，錯誤地指責前副總統喬•拜登在奧巴馬政府期間在烏克蘭政策中所扮演的角色存在腐敗行為。
谷歌的一名發言人週三向CNN Business證實，該廣告仍然可以在谷歌的平臺上播放。
這個立場儘管斯科特·斯賓塞,谷歌副總裁週三在一篇博客文章中寫道,“這是違反我們的政策對於任何廣告商做出虛假索賠——無論它是一個索賠一把椅子或索賠的價格,您可以通過短信投票,選舉推遲,或者一個候選人已經死了。”
In the policy update, Google focused on misleading ads related to voter suppression and election integrity, not claims targeting candidates.
"Of course, we recognize that robust political dialogue is an important part of democracy, and no one can sensibly adjudicate every political claim, counterclaim, and insinuation. So we expect that the number of political ads on which we take action will be very limited—but we will continue to do so for clear violations," Spencer wrote.
In recent months, Facebook has come under fire for exempting politicians from some of its ad policies. But in a tweet on Wednesday, Facebook reminded users that not even politicians are exempt from its policies banning voter suppression.
"We prohibit voter suppression in all ads," Facebook said.
在新的策略中，谷歌關注的是與選民壓制和選舉誠信相關的誤導性廣告，而不是針對候選人的宣傳。
“當然，我們認識到強有力的政治對話是民主的重要組成部分，沒有人能夠理智地裁決每一個政治主張、反訴和暗示。因此，我們預計可能對數量非常有限的廣告採取行動——但我們將繼續抵制明顯的違規行為，”斯賓塞寫道。
最近幾個月，Facebook因為免除政客的一些廣告而受到抨擊。但在週三的一條推特中，Facebook提醒用戶，即使是政客也不能免於其禁止壓制選民的政策。
“我們禁止在所有廣告中壓制選民，”Facebook表示。
Under Google's new targeting policy, political advertisers will only be able to target ads based on a user's age, gender, and post code -- rather than being allowed to target voters using more granular methods. Facebook allows political advertisers to upload lists of voters to target, for instance.
根據谷歌的新定位政策，政治廣告商將只能根據用戶的年齡、性別和郵編來定位廣告，而不能使用更細粒度的方法來定位選民。不過，Facebook允許政治廣告商將選民名單上傳到目標網站。
02
商業
McDonald's could return $29 million to New Zealand workers after holiday pay error
由於結算錯誤，麥當勞將追加新西蘭員工2900萬美元的工資
@ CNN, Nov 19, 2019
McDonald's has agreed to pay what could be tens of millions of dollars to New Zealand employees after becoming embroiled in a nationwide payroll debacle.
The fast food giant will pay back all past and present employees in the past 10 years for miscalculated holiday wages, according to McDonald's spokesperson Simon Kenny.
This agreement follows a years-long campaign by local labor union Unite Union.
The union's national director, Mike Treen, estimated that the remediation may cost McDonald's at least 45 million New Zealand dollars (almost $29 million), according to CNN affiliate Radio New Zealand — and that's just a starting "baseline figure."
捲入新西蘭全國性的工資結算失誤後，麥當勞同意給新西蘭員工補上數千萬美元的工資。
據麥當勞發言人西蒙·肯尼表示，這家快餐巨頭將對過去10年裡所有計算錯誤的假日工資進行賠償。
麥當勞這一鬆口是在當地工會聯合會多年的努力下促成的。
據CNN下屬的新西蘭廣播電臺報道，該聯盟的全國總監麥克·特里恩估計，麥當勞至少要花費4500萬新西蘭元(約合2900萬美元)來進行補救，而這只是一個開始的“基線數字”。
Both Kenny and the union pointed out that this isn't an isolated incident — rather, it's part of a much larger problem that has seen employees underpaid in the public and private sectors across New Zealand.
Unite Union said it first raised the issue with McDonald's in 2015, accusing the company of "stealing" annual leave from employees by not properly paying them for working public holidays and failing to provide compensation rest days.
Since then, the company has been working with both McDonald's and the Ministry of Business Innovation and Enterprise (MBIE), the New Zealand government agency that enforces economic policies, to reach an agreement.
肯尼和工會都指出，這不是一個孤立的事件，而是一個更大的問題的一部分，這個問題導致新西蘭公共和私營部門的員工工資偏低。
工會聯合會表示，它在2015年首次向麥當勞提出這個問題，指責麥當勞“竊取”員工的年假，因為它沒有為員工的公共假日支付適當的工資，也沒有提供休息日的補償。
自那以後，工會一直與麥當勞和執行經濟政策的新西蘭政府機構商業創新與企業部(MBIE)協作，最後達成協議。
McDonald's is just one of many companies that have been swept up in the nationwide payroll problem -— more than 150 companies are currently being audited, according to MBIE. In 2016, the government estimated that up to 763,000 employees nationwide could be owed wages, and the total cost of remediation could reach 2.2 billion New Zealand dollars (about $1.4 billion), Radio New Zealand reported.
It's not just companies. Even government agencies like MBIE and the District Health Boards have made similar errors in calculating holiday pay. The health boards announced just last month that they owe health workers up to 650 million New Zealand dollars (about $415.7 million), Radio New Zealand reported.
MBIE的數據顯示，麥當勞只是被捲入全國範圍內工資問題的眾多公司之一，目前有150多家公司正在接受審計。據新西蘭廣播電臺報道，2016年，政府估計，全國可能有76.3萬名員工被拖欠工資，而補救的總成本可能達到22億新西蘭元(約合14億美元)。
不僅僅是公司。就連MBIE和地區衛生委員會這樣的政府機構在計算假期工資時也犯了類似的錯誤。新西蘭廣播電臺報道，衛生委員會上個月剛剛宣佈，他們欠衛生工作者多達6.5億新西蘭元(約合4.157億美元)。
The payroll crisis all stems from a complicated law, the Holidays Act, which was enacted in 2003.
The law is relatively straightforward for employees who work standard five-day, 40-hour weeks. But it's much more difficult to apply for certain industries with irregular hours, like hospitality, retail or health, according to a 2018 report commissioned by the government.
The law is also so complex that employers often have trouble interpreting it correctly, according to the report. For instance, there are many different ways to calculate daily pay, weekly pay, holiday pay, and pay for alternative holidays — so it's hard to know when to use which calculations.
After many companies complained that the law was too complex, outdated and costly, the government assembled a task force to review the law, identify issues and make recommendations. The investigation is ongoing.
這場危機源於一個複雜的法律，即2003年頒佈的《假日法》。
對於每週工作五天、工作40小時的員工，該法相對簡單。但根據政府委託撰寫的2018年報告，這一法律應用到某些工作時間不規律的行業則要困難得多，比如酒店、零售或醫療。
報告稱，由於該法律過於複雜，僱主往往難以正確解讀。例如，有許多不同的方法來計算每日工資、每週工資、假日工資和替代假日工資——因此很難知道何時使用哪種計算方法。
在許多公司抱怨該法過於複雜、過時和昂貴之後，政府組建了一個工作組來審查《假日法》，找出問題並提出建議。調查正在進行中。
03
社會
US domestic abuse victim pretends to
order pizza to alert 911
美國家庭暴力受害者通過假裝點披薩報警
@BBC, Nov 22, 2019
A woman in a domestic violence situation managed to call 911 without the perpetrator realising, by pretending to order a pizza.
Officers in Oregon city, Ohio, praised the caller's quick thinking, which led to the alleged abuser being arrested.
The unnamed woman told local media her mum was being attacked at the time.
一名遭受家庭暴力的女性假裝點了一份披薩，在行兇者並不知情的情況下，成功撥打了911。
俄亥俄州俄勒岡市的警察稱讚了打電話者的快速反應，這導致了虐待者被逮捕。
這位不願透露姓名的婦女告訴當地媒體，她的母親當時遭到了襲擊。
The dispatcher who answered the call, Tim Teneyck, told local news station 13 ABC he initially thought the woman had dialled an incorrect number.
When she insisted she was through to the right person, he realised what was happening - partly because he had seen similar scenarios being shared on social media.
接聽電話的調度員蒂姆·特內克告訴美國廣播公司當地頻道，他一開始以為這名女子撥錯了電話號碼。
當她堅持說她聯繫對了人時，他才意識到發生了什麼——部分原因是他在社交媒體上看到了類似的場景。
What did the caller say?
Here's a transcript of the conversation.
Mr Teneyck: Oregon 911
Caller: I would like to order a pizza at [address redacted].
Mr Teneyck: You called 911 to order a pizza?
Caller: Uh, yeah. Apartment [redacted].
Mr Teneyck: This is the wrong number to call for a pizza...
Caller: No, no, no. You're not understanding.
Mr Teneyck: I'm getting you now.
Mr Teneyck: Is the other guy still there?
Caller: Yep, I need a large pizza.
Mr Teneyck: All right. How about medical, do you need medical?
Caller: No. With pepperoni.
打電話的人說了什麼?
這是這次談話的文字記錄。
特納克先生:俄勒岡911
打電話者:我想訂一份披薩，地址已更改。
特內克先生:你打911訂披薩?
打電話者:嗯,是的。公寓(修訂)。
特納克先生:打錯電話叫披薩……
打電話者:不，不，不。你不理解。
特納克先生:我現在明白你的意思了。
特納克先生:另一個人還在嗎?
打電話者:是的，我需要一個大比薩餅。
特納克先生:好的。醫療方面呢，你需要醫療嗎?
打電話者:不。意大利辣香腸。
A million faulty condoms recalled in Uganda
烏干達百萬個安全套由於質量問題被召回
@ BBC , Nov 19, 2019
A leading charity, Marie Stopes, says it has recalled more than a million condoms distributed in Uganda following concerns about their safe use.
Tests had found some of the Indian-manufactured Life Guard brand contained holes or risked bursting, Uganda's National Drug Authority (NDA) said.
Marie Stopes provides contraception and family planning services in more than 35 countries.
Nearly 6% of adults in Uganda live with HIV, the UN says.
Other research suggests that only 11% of people in the country have planned pregnancies.
瑪麗·斯特普斯，一個主要的慈善機構，稱由於擔心避孕套使用的安全性，已經召回了在烏干達分發的100多萬個避孕套。
烏干達國家藥品管理局(NDA)表示，測試發現，一些印度生產的“生命衛士”(Life Guard)牌避孕套中存有孔洞甚至可能爆裂。
瑪麗·斯特普斯在超過35個國家提供避孕和計劃生育服務。
聯合國稱，烏干達有近6%的成年人攜帶艾滋病毒。
其他研究表明，在烏干達只有11%的人有計劃地受孕。
Marie Stopes supplies between 1.5 million and two million condoms to Uganda every month.
"We can confirm this is the first time that one of our country programmes has needed to issue this kind of recall," it said in a statement to the BBC.
The recall came after the NDA wrote to the charity on 30 October, saying two batches of Life Guard condoms failed to comply with "quality tests".
Marie Stopes said it was working with the NDA to "urgently investigate what happened with these batches and ensure our products continue to meet the high standard of quality".
"We can confirm that the two batches we are recalling contained around 335,000 condom packs - just over 1 million individual condoms. We have recovered more than half of those," it added.
Marie Stopes每個月向烏干達提供150萬到200萬個避孕套。
BBC的聲明表示:“我們可以確認，這是首次我們國家級別的項目需要發佈這樣的召回信息。”
這次召回發生在NDA於10月30日致信該慈善機構後，信中表示“生命衛士”牌避孕套未能通過“質量檢測”。
瑪麗•斯特普斯表示，該公司正與NDA合作，“緊急調查這些批次的問題，確保我們的產品繼續達到高質量標準”。
他說:“我們可以證實，我們召回的這兩批產品中有大約33.5萬個安全套包裝，而單個安全套的數量剛剛超過100萬個。我們已經恢復了一半以上。”
04
科技
Indian cafe chain customers upset by use of facial recognition to bill them
印度連鎖咖啡店的顧客對使用
面部識別技術結賬感到不滿
@ CNN, Nov 22, 2019
An Indian cafe chain popular for its chai drinks is under fire for using facial recognition software to bill its customers, with some taking to social media to express their anger at what they say is a loss of privacy.
Nikhil Pahwa, an internet activist and founder of Indian media watchdog MediaNama, criticized cafe chain Chaayos by tweeting a video on Wednesday apparently showing the facial recognition system in a store in Delhi.
一家以印度奶茶飲料聞名的印度連鎖咖啡店因使用面部識別軟件向顧客收費而受到抨擊，一些人在社交媒體上表達了他們的憤怒，稱這是對隱私的侵犯。
互聯網活動人士、印度媒體監管機構MediaNama的創始人尼希爾帕瓦週三在twitter上發佈了一段視頻，批評了連鎖咖啡館Chaayos。很顯然，這段視頻展示了德里一家商店的人臉識別系統。
Pahwa said he worries about the risks of companies like Chaayos having this data, which in his view has been collected without "proper consent."
He added: "Systems like this that collect such personal and sensitive data, it normalizes it and I'm really worried about that normalization."
帕瓦說，他擔心像Chaayos這樣的公司擁有這些數據的風險，在他看來，這些數據是在未經“適當同意”的情況下收集的。
他補充說:“像這樣收集個人和敏感數據的系統，會使這類數據收集正常化，我真的很擔心這種正常化。”
In a Facebook post on Thursday responding to the criticism, Chaayos said it started its facial recognition feature recently to "reduce the overall customer purchase time," and stressed it was still in the testing stage.
In the statement, Chaayos said it was "extremely conscious" of its customers' data security, encrypting the data and not sharing it with third parties. It further added that customers can opt out of the process.
However, on its website, the terms and conditions of the chain's loyalty program state that customers "should not expect ... personal information should always remain private."
Chaayos在週四的Facebook帖子中回應了這一批評，稱其最近開始了面部識別功能，以“減少客戶的整體購買時間”，並強調該功能仍處於測試階段。
Chaayos在聲明中表示，該公司“高度重視”客戶的數據安全，對數據進行了加密，並沒有與第三方共享。它還進一步補充說，客戶可以選擇退出這一過程。
然而，在其網站上，連鎖店忠誠計劃的條款和條件聲明，顧客“不應該期望……個人信息能夠永遠被保密。”
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