一．名詞
I. 名詞的種類：
<table><tbody>專有名詞
普通名詞
國名地名人名，團體機構名稱
可數名詞
不可數名詞
個體名詞
集體名詞
抽象名詞
物質名詞
II. 名詞的數：
1. 規則名詞的複數形式：
名詞的複數形式，一般在單數形式後面加-s或-es。現將構成方法與讀音規則列表如下：
<table><tbody>規則
例詞
1
一般情況在詞尾加-s
map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days
2
以s, x, ch, sh結尾的名詞後加-es
class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes
3
以-f或-fe結尾的詞
變-f和-fe為v再加-es
leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives
加-s
belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs
4
以輔音字母加y結尾的名詞，變y為i加-es
party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities
5
以元音字母加y結尾的名詞，或專有名詞以y結尾的，加-s
toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys
6
以輔音字母加-o結尾的名詞
一般加-es
hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes
不少外來詞加-s
piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos
兩者皆可
zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos
7
以元音字母加-o結尾的名詞加-s
radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos
8
以-th結尾的名詞加-s
truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,
2. 不規則名詞複數：
英語裡有些名詞的複數形式是不規則的，現歸納如下：
<table><tbody>規則
例詞
1
改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式
man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice
2
單複數相同
sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin,
3
只有複數形式
ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents
4
一些集體名詞總是用作複數
people, police, cattle, staff
5
部分集體名詞既可以作單數（整體）也可以作複數（成員）
audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party
6
複數形式表示特別含義
customs(海關), forces(軍隊), times(時代), spirits(情緒), drinks(飲料), sands(沙灘), papers(文件報紙), manners(禮貌), looks(外表), brains(頭腦智力), greens(青菜), ruins(廢墟)
7
表示“某國人”
加-s
Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans
單複數同形
Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese
以-man或-woman結尾的改為-men,-women
Englishmen, Frenchwomen
8
合成名詞
將主體名詞變為複數
sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends
無主體名詞時將最後一部分變為複數
grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches
將兩部分變為複數
women singers, men servants
III. 名詞的所有格：
名詞在句中表示所有關係的語法形式叫做名詞所有格。所有格分兩種：一是名詞詞尾加’s構成，二是由介詞of加名詞構成。前者多表示有生命的東西，後者多表示無生命的東西。
1. ’s所有格的構成：
<table><tbody>單數名詞在末尾加’s
the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo,
複數名詞
一般在末尾加’
the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother,
不規則複數名詞後加’s
the children’s toys, women’s rights,
以s結尾的人名所有格加’s或者’
Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house
表示各自的所有關係時,各名詞末尾均須加’s
Japan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’s bikes
表示共有的所有關係時在最後一詞末加’s
Japan and America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s father
表示＂某人家＂＂店鋪＂，所有格後名詞省略
the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s
2. ’s所有格的用法：
<table><tbody>１
表示時間
today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday
2
表示自然現象
the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches
3
表示國家城市等地方的名詞
the country’s plan, the world’s population, China’s industry
4
表示工作群體
the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory
5
表示度量衡及價值
a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples
6
與人類活動有特殊關係的名詞
the life’s time, the play’s plot
7
某些固定詞組
a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措)
3. of所有格的用法：
用於無生命的東西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book
用於有生命的東西，尤其是有較長定語時：the classrooms of the first-year students
用於名詞化的詞：the struggle of the oppressed
二．冠詞
冠詞分為不定冠詞（a, an），定冠詞（the），和零冠詞。
I. 不定冠詞的用法：
<table><tbody>1
指一類人或事，相當於a kind of
A plane is a machine that can fly.
2
第一次提及某人某物，非特指
A boy is waiting for you.
3
表示“每一”相當於every，one
We study eight hours a day.
4
表示“相同”相當於the same
We are nearly of an age.
5
用於人名前，表示不認識此人或與某名人有類似性質的人或事
A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out
That boy is rather a Lei Feng.
6
用於固定詞組中
A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time
7
用於quite, rather, many, half, what, such之後
This room is rather a big one.
8
用於so(as, too, how)+形容詞之後
She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.
II. 定冠詞的用法：
<table><tbody>1
表示某一類人或物
The horse is a useful animal.
2
用於世上獨一無二的事物名詞前
the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean
3
表示說話雙方都瞭解的或上文提到過的人或事
Would you mind opening the door?
4
用於樂器前面
play the violin, play the guitar
5
用於形容詞和分詞前表示一類人
the reach, the living, the wounded
6
表示“一家人”或“夫婦”
the Greens, the Wangs
7
用於序數詞和形容詞副詞比較級最高級前
He is the taller of the two children.
8
用於國家黨派等以及江河湖海，山川群島的名詞前
the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French
9
用於表示發明物的單數名詞前
The compass was invented in China.
10
在逢十的複數數詞之前，指世紀的某個年代
in the 1990’s
11
用於表示單位的名詞前
I hired the car by the hour.
12
用於方位名詞，身體部位名詞，及表示時間的詞組前
He patted me on the shoulder.
III. 零冠詞的用法：
<table><tbody>1
專有名詞，物質名詞，抽象名詞，人名地名等名詞前
Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air
2
名詞前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制
I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this?
3
季節，月份，星期，節假日，一日三餐前
March, Sunday, National Day, spring
4
表示職位，身份，頭銜的名詞前
Lincoln was made President of America.
5
學科，語言，球類，棋類名詞前
He likes playing football/chess.
6
與by連用表示交通工具的名詞前
by train, by air, by land
7
以and連接的兩個相對的名詞並用時
husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night
8
表示泛指的複數名詞前
Horses are useful animals.
三．代詞：
I. 代詞可以分為以下七大類：
<table><tbody>1
人稱代詞
主格
I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
賓格
me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them
2
物主代詞
形容詞性
my, your, his, her, its, our, their
名詞性
mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs
3
反身代詞
myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
4
指示代詞
this, that, these, those, such, some
5
疑問代詞
who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever
6
關係代詞
that, which, who, whom, whose, as
7
不定代詞
one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little,
other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either
II. 不定代詞用法注意點：
1. one, some與any:
1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，複數為ones。some多用於肯定句，any多用於疑問句和否定句。
One should learn to think of others.
Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks.
I have some questions to ask.
2) some可用於疑問句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答覆，或者表示建議，請求等。
Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money?
3) some 和any修飾可數名詞單數時，some表示某個，any表示任何一個。
I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.
4) some和數詞連用表示“大約”，any可與比較級連用表示程度。
There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today?
2. each和every:
each強調個別，代表的數可以是兩個或兩個以上，而every強調整體，所指的數必須是三個或三個以上。
Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary.
Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.
3. none和no：
no等於not any，作定語。none作主語或賓語，代替不可數名詞，謂語用單數，代替可數名詞，謂語單複數皆可以。
There is no water in the bottle.
How much water is there in the bottle? None.
None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.
4. other和another:
1) other泛指“另外的，別的”常與其他詞連用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way,
the other特指兩者中的另外一個，複數為the others。如：
He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.
Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.
2) another指“又一個，另一個”無所指，複數形式是others，泛指“別的人或事”如：
I don’t like this shirt, please show me another (one).
The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.
Some like football, while others like basketball.
5. all和both, neither和either
all表示不可數名詞時，其謂語動詞用單數。both和all加否定詞表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none.
All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English.
Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.
四．形容詞和副詞
I. 形容詞：
1. 形容詞的位置：
1) 形容詞作定語通常前置，但在下列情況後置：
<table><tbody>1
修飾some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等構成的複合不定代詞時
nobody absent, everything possible
2
以-able, -ible結尾的形容詞可置於有最高級或only修飾的名詞之後
the best book available, the only solution possible
3
alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以後置
the only person awake
4
和空間、時間、單位連用時
a bridge 50 meters long
5
成對的形容詞可以後置
a huge room simple and beautiful
6
形容詞短語一般後置
a man difficult to get on with
2) 多個形容詞修飾同一個名詞的順序：
<table><tbody>代詞
數詞
性狀形容詞
冠詞前的形容詞
冠詞
指示代詞
不定代詞
代詞所有格
序數詞
基數詞
性質
狀態
大小
長短
形狀
新舊
溫度
顏色
國籍
產地
材料
質地
名詞
all
both
such
the
a
this
another
your
second
next
one
four
beautiful
good
poor
large
short
square
new
cool
black
yellow
Chinese
London
silk
stone
3) 複合形容詞的構成：
<table><tbody>1
形容詞+名詞+ed
kind-hearted
6
名詞+形容詞
world-famous
2
形容詞+形容詞
dark-blue
7
名詞+現在分詞
peace-loving
3
形容詞+現在分詞
ordinary-looking
8
名詞+過去分詞
snow-covered
4
副詞+現在分詞
hard-working
9
數詞+名詞+ed
three-egged
5
副詞+過去分詞
newly-built
10
數詞+名詞
twenty-year
II. 副詞
副詞的分類：
<table><tbody>1
時間副詞
soon, now, early, finally, once, recently
5
頻度副詞
always, often, frequently, seldom, never
2
地點副詞
here, nearby, outside, upwards, above
6
疑問副詞
how, where, when, why
3
方式副詞
hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really
7
連接副詞
how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile
4
程度副詞
almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather
8
關係副詞
when, where, why
III. 形容詞和副詞比較等級：
形容詞和副詞的比較等級分為原級，比較級和最高級。比較級和最高級的構成一般是在形容詞和副詞後加-er和-est，多音節和一些雙音節詞前加more 和most。
1. 同級比較時常常用 as…as…以及not so(as)…as…如：I am not so good a player as you are.
2. 可以修飾比較級的詞有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。
3. 表示一方隨另一方變化時用“the more…the more…”句型。如：The harder you work, the more progress you will make.
4. 用比較級來表達最高級的意思。如：I have never spent a more worrying day.
5. 表示倍數的比較級有如下幾種句型：
Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours.
6. 表示“最高程度“的形容詞沒有最高級和比較級。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect。
五．介詞
I. 介詞分類：
<table><tbody>1
簡單介詞
about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on
2
合成介詞
inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without
3
短語介詞
according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to
4
雙重介詞
from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between
5
分詞轉化成的介詞
considering(就而論), including
6
形容詞轉化成的介詞
like, unlike, near, next, opposite
II. 常用介詞區別：
<table><tbody>1
表示時間的in, on, at
at表示片刻的時間，in表示一段的時間，on總是與日子有關
2
表示時間的since, from
since 指從過去到現在的一段時間，和完成時連用，from指從時間的某一點開始
3
表示時間的in, after
in指在一段時間之後，after表示某一具體時間點之後或用在過去時的一段時間中
4
表示地理位置的in, on, to
in表示在某範圍內，on指與什麼毗鄰，to指在某環境範圍之外
5
表示“在…上”的on, in
on只表示在某物的表面上，in表示佔去某物一部分
6
表示“穿過”的through, across
through表示從內部通過，與in有關，across表示在表面上通過，與on有關
7
表示“關於”的about, on
about指涉及到，on指專門論述
8
between與among的區別
between表示在兩者之間，among用於三者或三者以上的中間
9
besides與except的區別
besides指“除了…還有再加上”，except指“除了，減去什麼”，不放在句首
10
表示“用”的in, with
with表示具體的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，單位，語言，聲音
11
as與like的區別
as意為“作為，以…地位或身份”，like為“象…一樣”，指情形相似
12
in與into區別
in通常表示位置（靜態），into表示動向，不表示目的地或位置
六．動詞
I. 動詞的時態：
1. 動詞的時態一共有16種，以ask為例，將其各種時態的構成形式列表如下：
<table><tbody>現在時
過去時
將來時
過去將來時
一般
ask / asks
asked
shall/will ask
should/would ask
進行
am/is/are asking
was/were asking
shall/will be asking
should/would be asking
完成
have/has asked
had asked
shall/will have asked
should/would have asked
完成進行
have/has been asking
had been asking
shall/will have been asking
should/would have been asking
2. 現在完成時與一般過去時的區別：
1) 現在完成時表示過去發生的動作或存在的狀況，但和現在有聯繫，強調的是對現在造成的影響或結果，它不能同表示過去的時間狀語連用，漢譯英時可加“已經”等詞。簡言之，利用過去，說明現在。如：
I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer. (已經看過，且瞭解這本書的內容)
2) 一般過去時只表示過去發生的動作或狀態，和現在無關，它可和表示過去的時間狀語連用，漢譯英時可加“過”，“了”等詞。簡言之，僅談過去，不關現在。如：
I read the novel last month. (只說明上個月看了，不涉及現在是否記住)
I lived in Beijing for ten years.（只說明在北京住過十年，與現在無關）
3. 現在完成時與現在完成進行時的區別：
兩者都可以表示“從過去開始一直持續到現在”，在含義上如著重表示動作的結果時，多用現在完成時，如著重表示動作一直在進行，即動作的延續性時，則多用現在完成進行時。一般不能用於進行時的動詞也不能用於現在完成進行時。
I have read that book.我讀過那本書了。
I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在讀那本書。
4. 一般將來時的表達方式：
<table><tbody>將來時
用法
例句
1
will/shall+動詞原形
表示將來發生的動作或存在的狀態
My sister will be ten next year.
2
be going to+動詞原形
含有“打算，計劃，即將”做某事，或表示很有可能要發生某事
It’s going to clear up.
We’re going to have a party tonight.
3
be + doing 進行時表示將來
go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等詞可用進行時表示按計劃即將發生的動作
He is moving to the south.
Are they leaving for Europe?
4
be about to + 動詞原形
表示安排或計劃中的馬上就要發生的動作，後面一般不跟時間狀語
I was about to leave when the bell rang.
The meeting is about to close.
5
be to + 動詞原形
表示按計劃進行或徵求對方意見
We’re to meet at the school gate at noon.
6
一般現在時表示將來
時刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般現在時表示將來
The meeting starts at five o’clock.
The plane leaves at ten this evening.
II. 動詞的被動語態：
<table><tbody>常用被動語態
構成
常用被動語態
構成
1
一般現在時
am/is/are asked
6
過去進行時
was/were being asked
2
一般過去時
was/were asked
7
現在完成時
have/has been asked
3
一般將來時
shall/will be asked
8
過去完成時
had been asked
4
過去將來時
should/would be asked
9
將來完成時
will/would have been asked
5
現在進行時
am/is/are being asked
10
含有情態動詞的
can/must/may be asked
注
意
事
項
被動語態的否定式是在第一個助動詞或情態動詞後加not，短語動詞的被動態不可漏掉其中介副詞。固定結構be
going to, used to, have to, had better變為被動態時，只需將其後的動詞變為被動態。 如：
Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates.
Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.
漢語有一類句子不出現主語，在英語中一般可用被動結構表示。如：
It is believed that… It is generally considered that… It is said that…
It is well known that… It must be pointed out that… It is supposed that…
It is reported that… It must be admitted that… It is hoped that…
下面主動形式常表示被動意義：如：
The window wants/needs/requires repairing. The book is worth reading twice.
The door won’t shut. / The play won’t act. The clothes washes well. / The book sells well.
The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold.
下面詞或短語沒有被動態：
leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等
七．情態動詞
I. 情態動詞基本用法：
<table><tbody>情態動詞
用法
否定式
疑問式與簡答
can
能力（體力，智力，技能）
允許或許可（口語中常用）
可能性（表猜測，用於否定句或疑問句中）
can not / cannot /can’t do
Can…do…?
Yes,…can.
No,…can’t.
could
couldn’t do
may
可以（問句中表示請求）
可能，或許（表推測）
祝願（用於倒裝句中）
may not do
May…do…? Yes,…may.
No,…mustn’t/can’t.
might
might not do
Might…do…? Yes,…might
No,…might not.
must
必須，應該（表主觀要求）
肯定，想必（肯定句中表推測）
must not/mustn’t do
Must…do…? Yes,…must.
No,…needn’t/don’t have to.
have to
只好，不得不（客觀的必須，有時態人稱變化）
don’t have to do
Do…have to do…?
Yes,…do. No,…don’t.
ought to
應當（表示義務責任，口語中多用should
ought not to/oughtn’t to do
Ought…to do…?
Yes,…ought. No,…oughtn’t.
shall
將要，會
用於一三人稱徵求對方意見
用於二三人稱表示許諾、命令、警告、威脅等
shall not/shan’t do
Shall…do…?
Yes,…shall. No,…shan’t.
should
應當，應該（表義務責任）
本該（含有責備意味）
should not/shouldn’t do
Should…do…?
will
意願，決心
請求，建議，用在問句中would比較委婉
will not/won’t do
Will…do…?
Yes,…will. No,…won’t.
would
would not/wouldn’t do
dare
敢（常用於否定句和疑問句中）
dare not/daren’t do
Dare…do…?
Yes,…dare. No,…daren’t.
need
需要
必須（常用於否定句和疑問句中）
need not/needn’t do
Need…do…?
Yes,…must. No,…needn’t.
used to
過去常常（現在已不再）
used not/usedn’t/usen’t to do
didn’t use to do
Used…to do…?
Yes,…used. No,…use(d)n’t.
Did…use to do…?
Yes,…did. No,…didn’t.
II. 情態動詞must, may, might, could, can表示推測：
以must為例。must + do(be)是推測現在存在的一般狀態進行；must + be doing 推測可能正在進行的事情；must +have done是推測可能已經發生過的事情。
1. must“肯定，一定”語氣強，只用於肯定句中。
He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there.
2. may和might“也許”，後者語氣弱，更沒有把握。可用於肯定句和否定句。
He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task.
3. can和could“可能”，could表示可疑的可能性，不及can’t語氣強，用於肯定、否定、疑問句中。
The weather in that city could be cold now.
We could have walked there; it was so near.（推測某事本來可能發生，但實際上沒有發生）
Can he be in the office now? No, he can’t be there, for I saw him in the library just now.(語氣很強，常用於疑問句和否定句中)
III. 情態動詞注意點：
1. can和be able to: 都可以表示能力。但be able to可以表達“某事終於成功”，而can無法表達此意。Be able to有更多的時態。另外，兩者不能重疊使用。
2. used to和would: used to表示過去常常做現在已經不再有的習慣，而would只表示過去的習慣或喜好，不涉及現在。
3. need和dare作情態動詞和實義動詞的區別：
兩者作情態動詞時常用於否定句和疑問句。其形式為：needn’t/daren’t do；Need/dare…do…?
做實義動詞時可用於肯定句，否定句和疑問句。其形式為：need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared) to do, don’t(doesn’t/didn’t) need/dare to do
八．非謂語動詞
I. 非謂語動詞的分類、意義及構成：
<table><tbody>非謂語形式
構成
特徵和作用
時態和語態
否定式
複合結構
不定式
to do
to be doing
to have done
to be done
to have been done
在非謂語前加not
for sb. to do sth.
具有名詞，副詞和形容詞的作用
在句中做主、賓、定、表和狀語
分詞
現在分詞
doing
having done
being done
having been done
具有副詞和形容詞的作用
在句中做定、表、賓補和狀語
過去分詞
done
動名詞
doing
having done
being done
having been done
sb’s doing
具有名詞的作用
在句中做主、賓、定和表語
II. 做賓語的非謂語動詞比較：
<table><tbody>情況
常用動詞
只接不定式做賓語的動詞
hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen
只接動名詞做賓語的動詞或短語
mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, consider
can’t help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to
兩者都可以
意義基本相同
begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue（接不定式多指具體的動作，接動名詞多指一般或習慣行為）
need, want, require（接動名詞主動形式表示被動意義，若接不定式則應用被動形式）
意義相反
stop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事
stop doing 停止正在做的事
意義不同
remember/forget/regret to do（指動作尚未發生）
remember/forget/regret doing（指動作已經發生）
go on to do（接著做另外一件事）
go on doing（接著做同一件事）
try to do（設法，努力去做，盡力）
try doing（試試去做，看有何結果）
mean to do（打算做，企圖做）
mean doing （意識是，意味著）
can’t help to do（不能幫忙做） can’t help doing（忍不住要做）
III.非謂語動詞做賓語補足語的區別：
<table><tbody>常見動詞
與賓語的邏輯關係及時間概念
例句
不定式
ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage
主謂關係。強調動作將發生或已經完成
I heard him call me several times.
have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make
現在分詞
notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel
主謂關係。強調動作正在進行，尚未完成
I found her listening to the radio.
過去分詞
動賓關係。動作已經完成，多強調狀態
We found the village greatly changed.
IV. 非謂語動詞做定語的區別：
<table><tbody>區別
舉例
不定式
與被修飾詞往往有動賓關係，一般式表示將來，進行式表示與謂語動作同時發生，完成式表示在謂語動詞之前發生
I have a lot of papers to type.
I have a lot of papers to be typed.
動名詞
通常指被修飾詞的用途，無邏輯上的任何關係
Shall we go to the swimming pool?
現在分詞
與被修飾詞之間是主謂關係，表示動作與謂語動作同時發生
the boiling water / the boiled water
the developing country/the developed country
the falling leaves / the fallen leaves
過去分詞
與被修飾詞之間是被動關係，表示動作發生在謂語動作之前，現已經完成
V. 非謂語動詞做主語和表語的區別：
<table><tbody>區別
舉例
不定式
多表示一個特定的具體的將來的動作，做主語時可以藉助於it把不定式移到句子後面。做表語有時可和主語交換位置，而且意義不變，並且還能用what來提問主語或表語。
My dream is to become a teacher.
To obey the law is important.
(dream, business, wish, idea, plan, duty, task做主語時常用)
動名詞
與不定式的功能區別不大，然而它更接近於名詞，表示的動作比較抽象，或者泛指習慣性的動作，有時也可以用it做形式主語，做表語時可以和主語互換位置。
It is no use saying that again and again.
Teaching is my job.
分詞
無名詞的性質，不能做主語。但是有形容詞的性質，可以做表語，多表明主語的特徵性質或者狀態等，可被very, quite, rather等副詞修飾。
現在分詞多含有“令人…”之意，說明主語的性質特徵，多表示主動，主語多為物。過去分詞一般表示被動或主語所處的狀態，含有“感到…”之意，主語多是人。
The situation is encouraging.
The book is well written.
(常見分詞有astonishing, moving, tiring, disappointing, puzzling, shocking, boring, amusing及其-ed形式)
九．定語從句
I. 定語從句起了形容詞的作用，在句中修飾一個名詞或代詞。被修飾的詞叫做先行詞，引導定語從句的詞叫關係詞，他的作用一是放在先行詞與定語從句中間起了連接作用，二是在從句中擔當一個成分，並與先行詞保持數的一致。
<table><tbody>關係詞
先行詞
從句成分
例句
備註
關係代詞
who
人
主語
Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?
whom, which和that在從句中做賓語時，常可以省略，但介詞提前時後面關係代詞不能省略，也不可以用that
whom
人
賓語
Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working
The boy (whom) she loved died in the war..
whose
人，物
定語
I like those books whose topics are about history.
The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate.
that
人，物
主語，賓語
A plane is a machine that can fly.
She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.
which
物
主語，賓語
The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.
The picture which was about the accident was terrible.
as
人，物
主語，賓語
He is such a person as is respected by all of us.
This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.
as做賓語一般不省略
關係副詞
when
時間
時間狀語
I will never forget the day when we met there.
可用on which
where
地點
地點狀語
This is the house where I was born.
可用in which
why
原因
原因狀語
I can’t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.
可用for which
II. that與which, who, whom的用法區別：
<table><tbody>情況
用法說明
例句
只用that的情況
1．先行詞為all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代詞時。
2．先行詞被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修飾時
3．先行詞有形容詞最高級和序數詞修飾時
4．先行詞既指人又指物時
5．先行詞被the only, the very修飾時
6．句中已經有who或which時，為了避免重複時
1.He told me everything that he knows.
2.All the books that you offered has been given out.
3.This is the best film that I have ever read.
4.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.
5.He is the only man that I want to see.
6.Who is the man that is making a speech?
只用which, who, whom的情況
1．在非限制性定語從句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人
2．在由“介詞+關係代詞”引導的定語從句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。
3．先行詞本身是that時，關係詞用which, 先行詞為those, one, he時多用who。
He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study.
I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.
Those who respect others are usually respected by others.
III. as與which的區別：
<table><tbody>定語從句
區別
例句
限制性定語從句中
名詞前有such和the same修飾時，關係代詞用as,不能用which
He is not such a fool as he looks.
Don’t read such books as you can’t understand.
非限制性定語從句中
as和which都可以指代前面整個主句。如果有“正如，象”的含義，並可以放在主句前，也可以放在後面，那麼用as；而which引導的從句只能放主句後，並無“正如”的意思。
They won the game, as we had expected.
They won the game, which we hadn’t expected.
As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.
IV. 限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區別：
<table><tbody>類別
語法意義及特徵
例句
限制性定語從句
對先行詞起修飾限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整明確，這種從句與主句的關係十分密切，寫時不用逗號分開。
The accident happened at the time when I left.
非限制性定語從句
對先行詞作附加的說明，與主句的關係不十分密切，較鬆散。從句和主句之間用逗號分開，相當於一個插入語，不能用that引導，關係代詞做賓語時也不能省略。
His mother, whom he loved deeply, died ten years ago.
十．名詞性從句
<table><tbody>種類
作用
常用關聯詞
例句
主語從句
在複合句中做主語，相當於名詞，一般置謂語之前，也可用it作形式主語，主語從句放主句之後
that, whether, if, as if, as though, who, whose, which, how, when, where, why, what, whatever, whoever, wherever
Whether he will come or not doesn’t matter much.
Whoever comes here will be welcome.
表語從句
在複合句中做表語，相當於名詞，位於系動詞之後
It looks as if it is going to snow.
賓語從句
在複合句中做賓語，相當於名詞
He asked me which team could win the game.
同位語從句
放在名詞之後(news, problem, idea, suggestion, advice, thought, hope, fact等) 表明其具體內容
You have no idea how worried we are.
The fact that he lied again greatly surprised us.
十一。狀語從句
<table><tbody>種類
連接詞
注意點
時間狀語
when, whenever, while, as, before, after, until, till, by the time, as soon as, hardly…when, no sooner…than, the moment, the minute, immediately, directly, instantly
主句表示將來意義時，從句須用一般現在時；while引導的從句中動詞一般是延續性的；until用在肯定句中主句動詞是延續性的，而否定句中主句動詞為短暫性的。
地點狀語
where, wherever
原因狀語
because, as, since, now that
because語氣最強，since較弱，表示大家都明瞭的原因，as又次之。
條件狀語
if, unless, once, in case, as long as, on condition that
從句中動詞時態不可用將來時，常用一般時代替
目的狀語
so that, in order that, for fear that
so that和in order that後常接may, should, could, would等情態動詞
結果狀語
so…that, such…that
比較狀語
than, as…as, not so/as…as, the more…the more
方式狀語
as if, as though, as
as if 和as though引導的從句一般用虛擬語氣。
讓步狀語
though, although, even if, even though, as, no matter what, whatever, no matter who, whoever, no matter which, whichever, no matter how, however, no matter when, whenever
as在讓步狀語從句中常用倒裝形式；although和though用正常語序，可和yet連用，但不可和but連用
十二。倒裝句
<table><tbody>種類
倒裝條件
例句
完全倒裝
here, there, up, down, in, out, off, away等副詞開頭的句子表示強調
Out rushed the children.
表示地點的介詞短語作狀語位於句首
Under the tree stood two tables and four chairs.
強調錶語，置於句首，或為保持句子平衡
Present at the meeting were 1,000 students.
部分倒裝
never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, little, not until, not等表示否定意義的副詞放於句首
Hardly did I know what had happened.
only和修飾的狀語放於句首
Only then did he realized the importance of English.
not only…but also連接並列的句子，前倒後不倒
Not only does he know French, but also he is expert at it.
neither…nor…連接並列的句子，前後都倒裝
Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it.
so…that, such…that中的so或such及修飾的成分放於句首時前倒後不倒
So busy is he that he can not go on a holiday.
as引導的讓步狀語
Child as he is, he has learned a lot.
so, neither或nor表示前句內容也適用於另外的人或事。
He can play the piano. So can i.
用於表示祝願的祈使句中
May you be in good health!
省略if的虛擬條件
Were I you, I would not do it in this way.
十三。虛擬語氣
<table><tbody>類別
用法
例句
If引導的條件從句
與現在事實相反
從句動詞：過去式（be用were）
主句動詞：should/would/could/might+動詞原形
If he were here, he would help us.
與過去事實相反
從句動詞：had+過去分詞
主句動詞：should/would/could/might+have+過去分詞
If I had been free, I would have visited you.
與將來事實相反
從句動詞：過去式 / should+動詞原形 / were+不定式
主句動詞：should/would/could/might+動詞原形
If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go camping.
其它狀語從句
as if引導的狀語從句中動詞用過去式或過去完成式
They are talking as if they had been friends for years.
in order that / so that引導的狀語從句中動詞用can / could / may / might / would等+動詞原形
Turn on the light so that we can see it clearly.
賓語從句
demand, suggest, order, insist後接的從句中動詞為should+動詞原形
He suggested that we not change our mind.
wish後的從句中分別用過去式，過去完成式和should/would+動詞原形表示與現在，過去和將來情況相反
I wish I could be a pop singer.
主語從句
在It is necessary / important / strange that…, It is suggested / demanded / ordered / requested that… 等從句中，謂語動詞用should+動詞原形
It is strange that such a person should be our friends.
其它句型中
It is time that…句型中動詞用過去式或should+動詞原形
It’s high time that we left.
would rather所接的從句中動詞用過去式或者過去完成式
I would rather you stayed at home now.
If only句型中動詞常用過去式或者過去完成式，表示強烈的願望
If only our dream had come true!
十四。重要句型
1.It was not until midnight that he finished his task.
2.Not until he came back from abroad was I able to see him again.
3.The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.
4.He walked around the house, gun in hand.
5.May you be in good health!
6.Wish you a pleasant journey back home!
7.The professor was a humorous man with big nose and deep-set eyes.
8.
What surprised me most was his imagination and patience.9.He lay on the grass, with his eyes looking at the sky and his hands under his head.
10.Sitting under the tree are Mr. Green and his first teacher.
11.On the wall hang two pictures of famous scientists.
12.Looking back upon those past years, he couldn’t help feeling very proud.
13.No sooner(Hardly) had he arrived at the theatre than(when) the play started.
14.Young as he is, he has learned advanced mathematics.
15.How I regret the hours wasted in the woods and fields!
16.There stands a beautiful vase in the corner of the room.
17.Ten miles north of the town lies a paper factory.
18.There goes the bell.
19.Nowhere has the world ever seen such a bird as here.
20.It is no use crying for help.
21.If only I had been your student in the middle school!
22.It is believed that such a thing will not happen again.
23.Only when he explained did I realize the reason for this.
24.“He works particularly hard.” “So he does, and so do you.”
25.Not only Alice but also Jane and Mary are tired of having one examination after another.
26.Such was Albert Einstein, a simple person of great achievements.
十五。動詞搭配
1. add to增加，增進
add … to把…加進…
add up相加
add up to總計，所有這一切說明
1) I don't think these facts will ________ anything.
2) Fifty new books have been ________ the library.
3) The music _________ our enjoyment of the film.
4) You must have made a mistake when you _______ the bill ________.
( add up to, added to, add to, added…up )
2. break away from打破，脫離，掙脫，改掉
break down出毛病，身體(精神)衰弱，分解，拆開
break off暫停，中斷
break in強行進入，插話
break into闖入
break into pieces成為碎片
break out爆發
break up搗碎，驅散，瓦解，學期結束，拆散
break through突破
1) The criminal managed to break _______ ______ the police and ran into the woods.
2) When he heard the news, he broke _______ and cried.
3) Don't break ________ while others are speaking.
4) Why don't you break ________ for a few minutes and have some coffee?
5) When does school break ________?
6) After harvest we break _________ the soil with a tool pulled by two oxen.
( away from, down, in, off, up, up )
3. bring up撫養，嘔吐，提出
bring about造成
bring out拿出，出版
bring in引入，引進，掙錢
bring back使回想起
bring down使下降，使倒下
1) The shopkeeper brought his price _________ to only five dollars.
2) The school has brought _________ new foreign teachers to teach oral English.
3) The song brought ___________ happy memories of our schooldays.
4) Do you know what brought ___________ this misunderstanding?
5) The kind old man agreed to bring __________ the young orphan.
6) We decided to bring the matter ___ at the next meeting.
7) The wind brought _______ a lot of trees last night.
8) Next month they will bring ________ a new edition of the book.
( down, in, back, about, up, up, down, out )
4. call on號召，拜訪（某人）
call at拜訪、參觀（某地）
call for去叫某人, 要求, 需要
call up使回憶起, 徵召入伍
call in召集，請某人來
call out大喊，高叫
call off取消，不舉行
1) Doctors are often called _____ in the middle of the war.
2) Please wait for me at home. I'll call _______ you at your house at seven tonight.
3) The trains calls _______ several big cities between Beijing and Guangzhou.
4) He called her name __________, but she didn't answer.
5) The sports meet was called ____ on account of the rain.
( in, for, at, out, off)
5. come about發生，出現
come down下跌，落，降，傳下來
come in進來
come into (sight/being/existence/use/notice/effect)
come on來臨/ 快點
come out出版，結果是
come along一道來，趕快
come to達到 (an end/an agreement/a stop)甦醒，合計，總共是
come over走過來
come up發芽，走近
come across偶然碰到
come back回想起
come from來自，源自
1) I come _________ the book I lent you last month.
2) How did it come _________ that you both got lost? I thought you had a map.
3) It suddenly came _________ to me where I had seen the boy before.
4) Come __________ now, or else we shall be late.
5) He came __________ me like a tiger.
6) The price of petrol has come _________ since the beginning of this year.
7) The word came __________ use many years ago.
8) When the examination result came _________, he had already got a job.
9)The bill came __________ over a thousand dollars.
10) I sowed the seeds over a month ago, but they haven't come __________ yet.
( for, about, back, on, at, down, into, out, to, up )
6. cut across抄近路
cut down砍倒，削減
cut off切斷，割掉，斷絕關係
cut up連根拔除，切碎
through剪斷，鑿穿
cut out刪（省）掉，戒掉
cut in插嘴
1) Don't cut ___ this tree. It will be very shady in summer.
2) You must cut ________ the number of cigarettes you smoke, or it will cause illness.
3) We decided to cut _________ the moor（曠野） to the village.
4) Cutting the tree ____ means cutting the tree into pieces.
5) The electricity was cut ___________ when the lady refused to pay the bill.
6) We were having a pleasant conversation when Tom cut __________.
（down, down, across, up, off, in ）
7. die of (disease/hunger/grief/old age)死於（疾病，飢餓，寒冷，情感原因）
die from死於（意外事故、情形）
die away漸漸消逝
die out絕種
die down(爐火)漸熄
die off逐一死去
8. fall behind落後
fall over one's feet 跌跤
fall down掉下，跌倒
fall back撤退，後退
1) Babies often fall _____ when they are learning to walk.
2) Our team seems to have fallen __________ the others.
3) As soon as the enemies fell __________, the people returned to their village.
4) She fell__________ the bench and had her leg broken.
（down, behind, back, over ）
9. go in for從事，喜愛，參加
go through通過，經受
go over複習，檢查
go up（價格）上漲，建造起來
go after追捕，追趕
go against違反
go ahead先行，開始吧，問吧，說吧
go away離開
go by時間過去
go down下沉，降低，（日、月）西沉
go on(with)繼續進行
go with相配，陪同
go without沒有，缺少
go out外出，熄滅
go all out全力以赴
go off爆炸，進行，變壞，斷電，停止供應
go back on背約，食言
go beyond超出
1) Many new factories have gone __ in the past few years.
2) Rents have gone __________ greatly recently.
3) Many years have gone ___________ since we first met.
4) Let's continue our journey until the sun goes _______.
5) His actions went ___________ the will of the people,
6) I can't do it, for it goes ___________ my duty.
7) Over 100 students went ____________ this entrance examination.
8) The bomb went ____________ and killed ten people.
9) The buyer went ___________ the car carefully before reaching a decision.
10) This tie doesn't go ___________ my blue shirt.
11) If you think you can solve the problem, go ______.
12) Many students went __________ playing basketball.
(up, up, by, down, against, beyond, through, off, over, with, ahead, in for )
10. get down下來，記下，使沮喪
get down to致力於，專心於
get on進展，進步，穿上，上車
get off脫下,下車
get in收集，插（話）
get away逃跑，逃脫，去休假
get over忘記，越過，克服，從疾病中恢復
get along with進展，相處
get up起床
get through打通電話，完成，通過
get round消息傳開
get close to sth. 接近，幾乎
get into (trouble)
get to (know)
get back取回，收回
get out
1) She spoke so fast that I couldn't get ____ what he said.
2) We will find ways to get _________ difficulties.
3) The story has got __________, and everyone knows about it.
4) When I get _________ with the report, I'll go to the cinema.
5) After a delicious meal the two men got __________ to business.
6) Don't always get __________ a word when others are speaking.
7) It took me a long time to get ___________ such an unpleasant experience.
(down, over, round, through, down, in, over)
11. give away贈送，洩露，出賣
give out發出，疲勞，分發，公佈
give off發出（光、熱、氣體）
give in (to sb.) 屈服
give up放棄，讓（座位）
1) His accent at last gave him __________.
2) The liquid gave ________ a strong smell.
3) The headmaster gave ___________ the names of the prize-winners.
4) The soldiers gave _________ the town to the enemies.
5) Who will help me to give the books ___________?
6) Don't believe in those who give his friends ________.
7) After a long walk, my strength gave ____________.
(away, off, out, up, out, away, out)
12. hand in交上，提交
hand out分發
hand down流傳，遺傳
13. hang about閒逛
hang up掛電話
14. hold back阻止，隱瞞
hold up舉起，使停頓
hold on別掛電話，等，堅持
hold out持續，堅持，伸出
hold down控制，鎮壓
1) I'm sure he is holding something _________.
2) She managed to hold ______ her emotion until her guests had left. Then she cried.
3) Tell him to hold ________ a moment. I'll come soon.
4) Our food supply won't hold _________ for more than a few days.
5) The train was held ________ as a result of the floods.
6) These measures helped to hold ___________ the city's population.
7) Hold ___________ your left arm, please.
(back, back, on, out, up, down, up)
15. keep up (courage, English, spirits)保持，
keep up with跟上
keep off (grass)不接近，離開
keep away from避開，不接近，離…遠遠的
keep out of
keep to (rules, promise)堅持，遵守
keep on繼續，堅持下來
keep back阻止，留下，隱瞞，扣下
keep from剋制，阻止
1) The angry lady told the strangers to keep ________ from her.
2) I can hardly keep ________ my tears after hearing his words.
3) Only pride kept her __________ bursting into tears.
4) I can scarcely keep __________ asking him what he has done.
5) "Don't touch me," screamed the woman, "Keep __________!"
6) Keep _________ until you succeed.
7) Keep _________ your courage, and you'll succeed in the end.
8) The thick coat can keep the cold ___________.
9) Always try to keep ___________ the rules when you play a game.
10) I can't keep ________ with everything you're doing.
(away, back, from, from, off, on, up, out, to, up)
16. knock at/on敲
knock into撞到某人身上
knock down撞倒
knock out of把…敲出
knock over撞倒
knock off停止工作，休息
1) The boxer soon knocked his opponent _________.
2) The office stuff knocks _________ at six every day.
3) Try knocking __________ the window and see if there is anyone indoors.
4) He was so absorbed in his book that he knocked __________ the car parked there.
(down, off, on, into)
17. leave for離開前往
leave out刪去，遺漏
leave behind遺留,忘記拿走
leave to留給，遺囑贈於
leave over遺留，剩下，延期
1) "Whose name has been left __________?" demanded the teacher.
2) When he died, he left all his property _____ his niece.
3) He suddenly realized that he had left his umbrella ___________.
4) Don't leave this matter _________ until tomorrow.
5) Leave some meat ___________ for tomorrow.
6) Those are questions left _________ by history.
(out, to, behind, over, over, over)
18. look up查找，向上看
look through翻閱，瀏覽
look on旁觀
look on…as看作
look into調查
look after/ at / for 照顧/看/尋找
look out(for)當心
look about / around/round四下查看
look down upon瞧不起
look back upon回憶，回顧
look ab. up and down仔細打量某人
look ab in the face/eyes直視某人
1) I spent two hours looking ______ the students' papers.
2)Look _______! There is a big hole in front.
3) He took part in the game, and the rest of us just looked ______ and cheered for him.
4) The old man looked _____ upon the days of his youth.
5) She was so snobbish（勢利）that she looked __________ upon all his neighbours.
6) The police promised to look __________ the case as soon as possible.
7) He looked __________ but saw nobody, and he listened but hear nothing.
(through, out, on, back, down, into, about/around/round)
19. make up編造，配製，打扮，組成
make up for彌補
make into / of / from 製成
make out弄懂，發現，看出,填寫，開列（清單）
make for走向，駛往，促使
1) Can you make this length of cloth __________ a suit?
2) I asked the driver if he was making ___________ London?
3) My father made __________ a check for me to buy the camera.
4) We must make the loss _________ next week./ He tried hard to make ________ for
the damage he had done.
5) He made __________ a story, which I found hard to believe.
6) Someone is coming, but I can't make ___________ who it is.
(into, for, out, up/up, up, out)
20. pass away去世
pass by經過
pass down(on)…to傳給
pass through經歷
pass over漠視，忽視
1) The old clock has been passed ________ to me from my grandfather's grandfather.
2) The man passed ___________ last week in peace.
3) We are passing ____________ difficult times.
4) The secretary passed ___________ the details in the first part of his report.
(down, away, through, over)
21. pay back還錢，報復
pay for付錢，為…受到懲罰，因…得到報應
pay off還清
1) How much did you pay __________ the dictionary?
2) You should pay _________ the money you borrowed from me.
3) I'll pay him ____________ for all his crimes(罪行) against me.
4) Some day, you'll pay __________ what you have done today.
5) Has she pay ____________ the debt yet?
（for, back, back, for, off）
22. pick up拾起，獲得(information)，接人，站起，收聽，自然習得(language
/knowledge)，恢復重獲(pick up health)
pick out挑選，辨認，看出
1) I picked the information __________ while waiting in the queue.
2) My friend has arranged to pick me _________ at 6:00.
3) The patient has picked _________ health during the last two weeks.
4) She picked _______ the most expensive pair of shoes.
5) I can't pick John ___________ in the crowd.
6) Can I pick __________ VOA with this short-wave radio?
7) He fell down suddenly, but picked himself ___________ quickly.
(up, up, up, out, out, up, up)
pick cotton/flower/leaves/words選詞
23. put up搭起，張貼，舉起，安裝，投宿，安排住下
put up with忍受
put out伸出，撲滅
put off推遲
put into放進，翻譯
put away放好，存錢
put down記下，平息
put on穿戴，上映，增加(put on weight/speed)
put forward 提出，提前
put through 接通電話
put aside放到一邊
put back放回
1) He put _________ half his wage every week.
2) The government soon put __________ the revolt（暴亂）.
3) Put your watch __________. It's slow.
4) He put __________ his hand for me to shake.
5). Please put me __________ to Extension（分機）2.
6) We put ___________ for night at the village inn.
7) He is very proud, and he often put _________ airs.（擺架子）
8) We had a telephone put _____________ in our office.
9) I can't put __________ with your laziness.
(away, down, forward, out, through, up, on, up, up)
24. pull down拆掉，推翻 pull on匆匆穿上 / off 脫
pull in進站 pull out取出,(火車)離站
pull down往下拉,拆毀 pull over駛到一邊
pull through恢復健康,渡過難關,脫離險境 pull up（使）停住
1) The train slowly pulled __________ and disappeared in the distance.
2) All the old houses here have now been pulled ______, and new ones are to be built.
3) The car pulled _________ when I blew the horn.
4) The doctor thinks the man will pull __________.
5) The driver pulled ________ at the traffic lights.
(out, down, over, through, up)
25. push over推倒，颳倒
push ahead(on, forward)繼續前進，堅持下去
push through排除困難辦好謀事，努力設法通過，擠過
1) We've decided to push __________ with our plan to build a new road
2) Many trees were pushed __________ in the hurricane.
3) They were determined to push the new rules ________ at any cost..
4) Take care not to push the baby _________.
5) They pushed ___________ the crowd and at last reached us.
(on, over, through, over, through )
26. run across偶然碰到 run after追逐，追捕
run away逃跑 run for競選
run into偶然碰到（困難）遇見（人），相撞
run out of用完
1) If you drive so fast, you'll run _________ someone some day.
2) I ran __________ a friend of mine in the exhibition.
3) Our water has run __________. Can you fill up some more bottles?
4) Why do you always run __________ adventure?
5) He didn't want to run ___________ president that year.
6) In that way you will only run __________ difficulties.
( into, across/into, out, after, for, into)
27. see off送行
see through看透，識破
see to照料，照管
28. send for派人去請
send off送行
send out發出（光亮）等
send up發射
29. set up建立
set off出發，觸發，引起
set out動身，著手(to do)，陳述
set about開始著手(doing)
set to work(n.)開始做
set back撥回，使推遲
1) I shall set my watch ___________ by five minutes.
2) We set __________ reading the text aloud immediately the bell rang.
3) We set _________ at daybreak yesterday and we've been travelling ever since then.
4) I set __________ to advise him not to drink.
5) What were the reasons he set ___________ in his report?
6) The president set __________ a special group of soldiers to guard him.
7) The unpopular law set _________ a series of protests.（抗議）
(back, about, off/out, out, out, up, off)
30. take off脫掉，起飛 take on呈現 僱傭
take away拿走 take in吸收，領會
take up從事，佔用（時間空間）
take down記錄，取下 take back收回
take for誤認為 take along隨身帶
take over接管 take out
1) I take _________ all I said about his dishonesty.
2) He went to the shelf and took __________ a book of poems.
3) At first I took him _________ a doctor.
4) I can see that most of you have taken ________ everything that the teacher taught.
5) Bill has now taken __________ his father's business.
6) My job takes __________ most of my time.
7) The boss took ____________ twenty people for his new company.
(back, down, for, in, over, up, on)
take charge of負責, take sth. for granted想當然, take hold of抓住, take pride in以… ……為自豪, take the place of, 代替take turns to do輪流做, take office就職
31. think of想起 think of…as把…看作
think out想出 think up想出
think about考慮 think over仔細考慮
think well of sb. 對某人看法好
32. turn off / on打開
turn over翻身，反覆考慮，翻（書頁），翻轉
turn out證明為，結果，製造成品
turn to轉向，求助
turn down調低，拒絕
turn against變得敵視，反對
turn away打發走，驅逐，轉過臉去
turn back返回，轉回去
turn round轉過身來
turn up向上翻，露面，出現，音量調大
turn in上繳
turn upside down把倒置，弄得亂七八糟
1) The child turned __________ its mother for comfort.
2) Turn ___________ and let me see your face.
3) However much he turned the problem ________ in mind, he could find no satisfactory solution.
4) The English evening party turned _________ a great success.
5) The sight of the accident was too much for her to bear, and she turned _______.
6) The football stadium was full, and many people had to be turned __________.
7) The army turned him ___________ on account of (因為) his poor health.
8) She turned the whole house ___________ in her search for her missing purse.
9) Where did your purse turn ____________? I found it in the snow.
10) The villagers suddenly turned __________ the foreigners who lived nearby.
11) The factory turns ____________ 2000 new cars last year.
(to, round, over, out, away, away, down, upside down, up, against, out)
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