假期結束，送你一份即時小貼士，教你用費曼學習法擺脫假期綜合症，迅速從慵懶節奏切換回高效率模式。
This video is sponsored by brilliant. org, a math and science problem-solving website that helps you think more like a scientist.
這部影片是由 brilliant.org 贊助，brilliant.org 是一個解決數學與科學問題並使你像科學家一樣地思考的網站。
In a 2007 graduation speech, Charlie Munger told an interesting, but fictional, story about two people: the great scientist Max Planck, and his chauffeur.
在一個2007年的畢業演講中，Charlie Munger 講述了一個有趣卻虛構的故事，故事講述兩個人：一位偉大科學家 Max Planck 和他的司機。
Max was, undoubtedly, a wise scientist.
Max 毫無疑問地是一位有智慧的科學家。
The people of Germany longed to hear him speak.
德國人民都希望能聽到他的演講。
He toured the country with his chauffeur, giving talks about his work.
他與他的司機巡迴整個國家進行關於他研究的演講。
Day after day, the chauffeur grew tired of hearing the same speech over and over again.
司機對於每天一遍又一遍聽取同樣的演講感到厭倦。
Finally, he asked, "Max, can I try giving the speech this time?I've listened to it so many times I have it memorized".
最後他問： “Max， 這次我能試著進行演講嗎？我已經聽了太多便以至於全部背下來了。”
Max agreed to let the chauffeur give the speech.
Max 同意讓司機進行演講。
He took a seat at the front and put on the chauffeur's hat.
他坐在觀眾席的前座並戴上司機的帽子。
The chauffeur pretended to be Max and played the part perfectly.
司機則假裝成 Max 並進行了一場完美的演講。
The speech was a success.
演講非常成功。
At the end, a small man rose and asked the chauffeur a question.
最後有一個人起身並問了司機一個問題。
His response: That's such a simple question, I'm surprised that you would ask it. I'll let my chauffeur answer it.
他回答： “我很訝異你竟然會問這麼簡單的問題。讓我的司機來回答這題就行了。”
Charlie Munger told the story to highlight the difference between two kinds of knowledge: the deep knowledge that Max had and the shallow knowledge that the chauffeur had.
Charlie Munger 講述這個故事以強調兩種知識的區別：Max擁有的深層知識以及司機擁有的淺層知識。
The world is overflowing with information.
這個世界信息氾濫。
It's impossible to learn deeply about everything.
是不可能深度學習所有的東西的。
In fact, there are benefits to having a shallow understanding of ideas.
事實上，對於事情擁有淺層知識是有助益的。
For starters, it allows us to connect with other people in their area of expertise and have conversations with a wide variety of people.
首先，這使我們能夠與在自身領域為專家的人交流並且和各式各樣的人溝通。
It also allows us to understand important things on the surface, which may be better than not understanding at all.
這也使我們能瞭解重要事情的表面，好過於完全不瞭解整個事情。
In the essence of time, sometimes we have to outsource our understanding to experts, but in my opinion, it's always best not to act on Information we haven't reviewed ourselves if possible, because even experts can be wrong or misinformed.
在有限的時間裡，有時我們必須將信息的理解外包給專家處理，但我認為，最好別對尚未審查過的信息採取任何動作，因為就連專家也可能會出錯或是被誤傳信息。
There are dangers associated with attaining shallow information as well.
而且，也有許多獲得淺層的知識相關的危險。
The biggest is that, like the chauffeur, we risk fooling ourselves into thinking we actually understand or know something when we don't.
最大的危險是：如同司機一樣，我們可能讓自已以為我們瞭解一件事情，但實質上並非如此。
Even worse, we risk taking action on misinformation or misunderstanding.
更糟的是，我們可能會對錯誤的訊息或錯的理解採取動作。
As Richard Feynman famously said, "The first principle is that you must not fool yourself and you are the easiest person to fool".
Richard Feynman曾說過：“首要的原則是：你不能欺騙自己——而你是最容易被欺騙的人。”
The best way to not be a fool is to think critically and learn deeply.
不被欺騙最好的方法就是批判性地思考並深度地學習。
One of the best ways to grasp a deeper understanding of an idea is to utilize the Feynman Technique.
深度學習一項東西最好的方法之一就是使用費曼技術。
There are four simple steps.
費曼技術包含四個簡單的步驟。
Step one: Explain the topic out loud to a peer who is unfamiliar with the topic.
第一步：向不熟悉某議題的人解釋該議題。
Meet them at their level of understanding and use the simplest language you can.
使用他們能理解的方式及最簡單的語言向他們解釋。
Step two: Identify any gaps in your own understanding or points where you feel that you can't explain an idea simply.
第二步：發現自己不能理解的地方或不能簡單解釋某議題的地方。
Step three: Go back to the source material and study up on your weak points until you can use simple language to explain it.
第三步：回頭查看信息來源並研讀自己弱點的地方直到能用簡單的語言來解釋它。
And then, the final step is to repeat the three steps above until you've mastered the topic.
最後一步則是：重複前面三項步驟直到能夠專精這個議題。
There are two main goals to strive for when using the Feynman Technique: be simple and concise.
使用費曼技術有兩個主要需達成的目標：簡單並簡潔。
See if you can explain the concept to a five-year-old.
試試看能不能將一個概念解釋給一個五歲小孩理解。
If you can, try to come up with an original analogy to help you explain the topic.
如果可以的話，試著用自創的例子（比喻法）來幫助你解釋該議題。
Creating an analogy is a fantastic way to gain mastery over an idea and learn empathy.
創造一個例子是一個能增進專精程度並學習同理的好方法。
It forces you to meet the person at their level of understanding and teach them something new by relating it to an idea they're already familiar with.
它迫使你用對方的程度來理解，並透過與他們熟悉的議題有關的方式給予他們新的知識。
Here's an example of an analogy: the basic structure of a story can be thought of as a pyramid tension builds up to maximum and then drops.
這裡有個關於比喻法的例子：故事的基本架構可以想成是一個金字塔將張力堆棧至最高點後落下。
Of course, there are many different ways to write a story and not all of them can be reduced to such a simple structure.
當然，寫故事有許多不同的方法，並不是每個故事都能簡化成這麼簡單的架構。
But the image of a pyramid conveys a lot of complex information to the student in a simple manner.
但金字塔的比喻能將複雜的信息簡化並傳達給學生。
They can relate the structure of a story to a shape they're familiar with and have an intuitive understanding of the pyramid.
他們能將故事的架構與熟悉的形狀——金字塔做連結並有初步的理解。
It shows them that there must be tension in a good story.
這告訴他們一個好的故事必須有張力。
This is commonly referred to as the Rising Action.
這普遍稱為劇情鋪陳。
The tension must rise to a maximum point which Is called the Climax.
張力必須提升至最高點，稱為高潮。
At this point the tension must fall or be diffused.
到這時，張力必須落下或擴散。
We refer to this as the Falling Action.
我們稱之為故事收尾。
Creating an analogy like this forces me to have a deep enough understanding of the topic to relate it to an idea the student is already familiar with.
創造這樣的比喻法迫使我對這個議題有一定程度的理解，以和學生熟悉的議題做連結。
"Any intelligent fool can make things bigger more complex and more violent. It takes a touch of genius and a lot of courage to move in the opposite direction".
“聰明的傻瓜能把事情搞得更大，更復雜，更暴力。但往反方向發展則需要一點天分以及巨大的勇氣。”
-E. F. Schumacher
——E. F. 舒馬赫
So when should we apply the Feynman Technique to learn more deeply?
那我們什麼時候需要使用費曼技術以進行深度學習？
I'd argue that the two most important places to apply it is when we're making a life-changing decision or when we're working on our craft.
我認為使用此技術最重要的兩個地方為：當我們面臨改變人生的抉擇時或我們在進行工藝時。
If you want to be an artist, you should apply it whenever you're making art so that you can deliberately improve.
如果你想成為藝術家，你應該在每次創作藝術時使用此技術以此有意地進步。
If you're an engineer, you might apply it when you're studying or working on a technical project.
如果你是工程師，你可以在研讀或處理技術計劃時使用。
The massive advantages of using the Feynman Technique are that it held to develop a true understanding of whatever your learning allows you to make informed, and intelligent decisions applying your knowledge to real-world problems becomes much easier.
使用費曼技術最大的好處就是它能使你真正地瞭解任何你學習的事物，使你做出深思熟慮並有智慧的決定，更為簡單地將知識應用到實際問題時教導能力的進步。
Your teaching skills improved and your capacity to think critically about a topic is increased.
教導能力的進步，以及對於議題進行批判思考的能力提升。
The only trade-off is time and effort even then the time you invest upfront is more than returned later on.
唯一被取捨的是時間和精力，即使如此，之後投資的時間會比一開始少很多。
This technique was named After Richard Feynman, a Nobel prize-winning physicist.
這個技術是以 Richard Feynman ， 一個諾貝爾物理學得主命名的。
In His biography on Richard Feynman, James Gleick said that Richard would create a journal for the things he did not know.
在他的自傳裡，James Gleick 曾說 Richard 會製作一個日誌，日誌裡全是關於他不知道的事情。
his discipline and challenging his own understanding made him a genius and a brilliant scientist.
他的紀律以及敢向自己所瞭解的事物挑戰使他成為一個天才及卓越的科學家。
Now that you know, his secret I'm excited for you to step into your own greatness.
現在你知道了他的秘密，我很期待看見你邁向自己的偉大。
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