Why is China so successful as manufacturing hub of the globe? Can India successfully compete with China?
為什麼中國能如此成功地成為全球製造業中心？印度能跟中國競爭嗎？
以下是國外讀者的評論：
Deepak Kumar
india as a country need to reinvent the wheel w.r.t to new national policies, laws, procedures, taxation, labour laws, land acqisition, banking loans and policies, to be major hub in manufacturing, currently scenario is very unstable, unpredictable, nobody knows what is happening.
even currently existing corporates donot want to invest 5k -10k- 20 k crores for new ventures.
new ventures are not coming, new jobs are not being created
印度作為一個國家需要重頭再來，制訂新的國家政策、法律、程序、稅收、勞動法、土地徵用、銀行貸款和政策，要想成為製造業的主要中心，目前的情況是非常不穩定、不可預測的，沒有人知道發生了什麼。
即使是現在的公司也不願意投資500、1000、2000億盧比來建立新的企業。
沒有新的企業，就不會產生新的工作崗位
Alyasa Gan, Chief Operating Officer
To say India cannot beat China in manufacturing is a far fetch conclusion. I would say India are already better than China producing specific components that are mean for high tech at smaller volume especially for the US market . But as a whole China is the world largest producers of manufactured goods and India may have problem to beat China in this are for quite sme years. China huge local consumption is a big advantage.
To succeed in manufacturing you need a big local market that can absorb your fixed cost. The more you can produce the more efficient you get and the more efficiency you get the more value you can add and cost can be absord efficiently. Here China have a big advantage where the local consumption may be 4 to 5 times of India.
要說印度在製造業上無法打敗中國，絕對是一個很遙遠的結論。我想說的是，印度在生產某些特定零部件方面已經比中國做得更好了，高科技意味著產量較小，尤其是對美國市場。但作為一個整體，中國仍是世界上最大的製成品生產國，而印度在這方面可能很難擊敗中國。中國巨大的本地消費也是一個很大的優勢。
要想在製造業取得成功，你需要一個能夠吸收你固定成本的巨大的本地市場。產能越高，獲得的效率就越高，獲得的效率越高，增加的價值就越多，成本就能得到有效的攤薄。在這方面，中國有一個很大的優勢，當地消費可能是印度的4到5倍。
Price is a factor in the gobal market. The cheaper you can sell with the same part the more volme you can sell the part. Chinese people are expert in pricing strategy. This invovle risk, experience, market knowlege and the understanding of price elasiticity pertaining to demand. Manufacturing and marketing must go along together and work in tandem with each other. For example to penetrate a market pricing strategy may be needed and short term profit compromise for long term gain. Chinese people are exceptionally long sighted.
The ecosystem of manufacturing are game changer.. Lets take automotive for example…Are those suppliers within the vicinity of the OEM producers. The engine supply next door is cheaper than the engine import. Thus the infrastructure within the ecosystem will play an important parts in making whatever produce is competitive. In China the go nment helps to develop manufacturing hubs that cater for certain industries and this OEM manufacturer can get their raw material within the surrounding areas and city itself. OEM come to invest because the go nment sell them big plot of land where supplier can come and manufacture their parts there. The manufacturing hubs are developed near ports at discounted price and infrstructure like roads ,electricity, petrol, water are easily accessible making the product cheaper to produce and manufacturing supply parts stable and reliable.
價格在全球市場中是一個因素。同樣的零件價格越便宜，銷量就越高。中國人擅長定價策略。這包括風險、經驗、市場知識和對與需求相關的價格不確定性的理解。生產和銷售必須同時進行，相互配合。例如，為了滲透市場，定價策略可能需要為了長期收益犧牲短期利潤。中國人的眼光都放得很遠。
製造業的生態系統改變了遊戲規則。以汽車行業為例……那些供應商是否就在原始設備製造商的附近？隔壁的發動機供應肯定比進口的便宜。因此，生態系統內的基礎設施將在使任何產品具有競爭力方面發揮重要作用。在中國，政府為某些行業服務提供幫助，打造製造中心，這個OEM製造商可以在周邊地區和城市獲得他們的原材料。OEM來投資，因為政府賣給他們大的土地，供應商可以來這裡生產他們的零件。製造中心設置在港口附近，享受了優惠價格，而公路、電力、汽油、水等基礎設施都能輕鬆滿足，這使得產品生產成本更低，製造供應部件穩定可靠。
The literacies of the population play important role. Literacy in China is above 95% but for india it is slightly below 60%. (data taken in 2010). Literacy rate is important as it reflect the quality of the human resources of the nation. The higher the rate the more employabe will be the labour force.
Gender equality is vital to a country economy. While Chinese population are aging the labor force that are employable far outweight the Indian. Chinese women are more willing to work and they face no taboo going out. While China is a socialist country the irony are that women are treated at par with the male counterpath and face lesser discrimination that their Indian neighbors.
Innovation in manufacturing are key. Chinese innovation in manucturing are second to none. Having been a manufacturing country for so long, Chinese companies that manufacture products have become very innovatives . The skills that relates to producing is incredibly efficience having learn from Japan and the West. Many Chinese companies are producing parts more efficiently then the Japanese counterpart already. The question here is believe. The Chinese people are passionate people wanting to show others they can be better and they have in many areas succeeded.
人口的文化程度起著重要的作用。中國的識字率在95%以上，而印度的識字率略低於60%。識字率是反映一個國家人力資源素質的重要指標。識字率越高，就業人口就越多。
性別平等對一個國家的經濟至關重要。雖然中國人口正在老齡化，但可就業的勞動力數量遠遠超過印度。中國女性更願意工作，外出沒有禁忌。雖然中國是一個社會主義國家，但具有諷刺意味的是，中國對待女性的方式和對待男性是一樣的，對女性的歧視也比鄰國印度要少。
製造業的創新是關鍵。中國在教育方面的創新是首屈一指的。長期以來，中國一直是一個製造業國家，製造產品的中國企業已經非常創新。他們從日本和西方學習到的與生產相關的技能是非常高效的。許多中國企業生產零部件的效率已經超過了日本企業。這裡的問題是相信。中國人是充滿激情的人，他們想向別人展示他們可以變得更好，他們在很多方面都取得了成功。
The indian labour cost is much cheaper but the productivity per man hour outweight per manhour cost hence cost per pc in India may still be more expensive taking in consideration efficiencies and manpower maintainance cost. Providing transport and lodging are one costly factor to consider in India. However the cost per manhour in India by itself is very competitive and India can take advantage of the human resources by giving training and education and improving the quality of their manpower. Chinese manpower escalating cost is really a concern so they are moving westward to more remote area for manufacturing to take advantages of the cheaper labour and at the same time eradicating poverty. Central planning is crucial in these area.
Infrastructure in China are very good for producing parts. Roads, Logistics machanism private and public are good and even more conducive than those of the developed nation. The availabilities of related parts and easy access to whatever you need, the internet services and e commerces is making China into a world model in manufacturing.
China advancement in AI will further make chinese competiveness even futher such as robots replacing people where skills are replaceable.
India can beat China but first they have to address the problem at hand. Communication system and culture are areas of concerned to India. Chinese have one central language and because the literacy rate is 95% the language barrier is resolved. In india communication can be a problem as the literacy rate is an issue.
印度的勞動力成本要便宜得多，但每小時的生產力超過了每小時的成本，因此，考慮到效率和人力維護成本，印度的人力成本可能仍然更貴。在印度，提供交通和住宿是一個需要考慮的成本因素。然而，印度的人均小時成本本身很有競爭力，印度可以通過提供培訓和教育以及提高人力素質來充分利用人力資源。中國勞動力成本的不斷上升確實令人擔憂，因此他們將製造業向西遷移，搬到更偏遠的地區以利用更廉價的勞動力，同時消除貧困。中央的規劃在這些領域至關重要。
中國的基礎設施非常適合生產零部件。公路、私人及公共物流機制都很好，甚至比那些發達國家更出色。配套零部件的可獲性和你所需的一切便利，互聯網服務和電子商務正在使中國成為全球製造業的典範。
中國人工智能的進步將進一步提高中國的競爭力，比如在可用技能替代的領域，將由機器人取代人工。
印度可以打敗中國，但首先必須解決眼前的問題。通訊系統和文化是印度關注的領域。中國人只有一門主要語言，由於識字率高達95%，語言障礙得到了解決。而在印度，溝通會是個問題，因為識字率始終是個問題。
The above are some of the issue India have to adress and there are certain advantages that India posses such as the English language being an English colony in the past.
China is a socialist country but practice meritocracy which means if you work harder you will be rewarded and you can keep those rewards. Its a collective soceity which means that you should also contribute to the well being of the societies within your proximity for you cannot survive being alone. These cultural attribute are a Chinese assets.
Culture such as working ethics,habits and believe system affect people around the world and their contribution to productivity. India is a great nation with a remarkable past but moving forward the past matter less while learning from the best are crucials point India must focus now to move this great nation forward. My advice to Indian is to forget about the past myth and believe system and that success will only come from hard work and not from lucky stars. Many Chinese are also now falling into the lucky star traps like the believe in “Fung Sui” and these believed systems create false hope and allow people to believe in luck rather than works . The harder you work the better you get is still a much more plausible logic than turning to lucky stars to change one future. This phenomena of believing in “Fung Sui” in China is strange for a socialist country yet unfortunately true. I would rather say this is also an Asian believe system, a weaknesses that Asia must get rid off and the earlier the better and replace it with scientific theoretical framework and hardwork which is the only framework that the west are so successful at.
India becoming a world beater in manufacturing is a holistic issue and a very complicated one surely possible but needing to change mindset and a supportive go nment that will develop policies and action plan in line with its own intention
以上是印度必須解決的一些問題，印度有一些優勢，比如英語，歷史上曾是英國的殖民地。
中國是一個社會主義國家，但實行精英管理，這意味著如果你更努力工作，就會獲得回報。這是一個集體社會，這意味著你也應該為你周圍的社會的福祉做出貢獻，因為你不能獨自生存。這些文化屬性是中國的寶貴資產。
工作倫理、習慣和信仰體系等文化影響著世界各地的人們，影響著他們對生產力的貢獻。印度是一個偉大的國家，有著非凡的過去，但往前看吧，過去的事情沒那麼重要，而向最優秀的人學習是關鍵的一點，印度現在必須集中精力，推動這個偉大的國家前進。我給印度人的建議是，忘記過去的神話，相信體制，成功只會來自努力工作，而不是幸運之星。許多中國人現在也掉進了“風水”之類的運氣陷阱，這些“風水”創造了虛假的希望，讓人們相信運氣，而不是腳踏實地第工作。你越努力工作，能得到的回報就越好，這是一個更合理的邏輯，而不是求助於幸運星來改變自己的未來。在中國，這種相信“風水”的現象對於一個社會主義國家來說是奇怪的，但不幸的是，這正是現實。我寧願說這是亞洲人的信仰體系，一個亞洲必須擺脫的弱點，越早擺脫越好，用科學的理論框架和努力工作來取代它，這是西方實現如此成功的唯一框架。
印度成為製造業的世界霸主是一個整體問題，一個非常複雜的問題，當然有實現的可能，但印度需要改變思維方式，需要支持的政府，根據自己的意願制定政策和行動計劃。
Anonymous
In India 1.37billons people no one wants to work just wants to becomes a, manager ,engineer ,collectors
Without any hard working that's an typical indian mentality…
And comparing the them self to Americans and Europeans and try to become one of them
Without thinking that it's India not USA…
And those who work hard they get adopted by USA , AUSTRALIA , Germany and get citizenship and settled down there
That's why we indians are loosing and China is taking over ….
China works so hard they didn't have blood in theirs veins they have flowing fluid in Their veins is electron…., Proton , neutron…
Got that
Never ask this question again
I am Indian and I don't feel good about it…..
印度有13.7億人口，沒有人想要工作，他們只夢想著成為經理、工程師、收藏家。
不想努力工作，這正是典型的印度心態……
他們還將自己與美國人和歐洲人進行比較，試圖成為他們中的一員。
根本沒有意識到，這是印度，並非美國…
那些努力工作的人會被美國、澳大利亞、德國收容，獲得公民身份並在那裡定居下來。
這就是為什麼我們印度人會輸，而中國一馬當先的原因…
中國如此努力，他們的血管裡沒有血液，他們的血管中流動著的液體是電子……、質子、中子……
明白了嗎？
不要再問這個問題了，
我是印度人，這讓我感覺不太舒服……
Sagar Jain, Importer from China to India
Had been to china Recently for business reason and having intrest in china’s business history also, my openion about china success is based on two factor, people and CCP (Govt.)
People- I found that chinese people are more Innovative in product development and marketing them secondly they are too hardworking (we Indians are nowhere) now when I mean Innovative that dosent mean they innovated very compex product or so,… no no , otherwise EDISON, ALBERT EISTIEAN would have been born in China, Chinese are very good in innovating the things of day to day use, example Scratcher hand
我最近因為生意上的原因去過中國，對中國的商業歷史也很感興趣，我對中國所取得的成功的看法基於兩個因素：人民和政府。
人——我發現中國人在產品開發和營銷方面更具創新性，其次他們太勤勞了(我們印度人毫無可比性)，我現在說到創新，不是說他們發明了非常複雜的產品……不不，否則愛迪生、艾伯特、愛因斯坦應該出生在中國了，中國非常善於創新日常使用的東西，例如癢癢撓
its not very technical innovation and beleive me or not i have seen this stick made by my great gandfather in 60,s But just one for his use, this stick is avilable in every nuke and corner of India comes from china, or the product below called spin mop (圖)
它並不算多麼技術創新的東西，相信我，我曾見過我曾祖父60年代做過的類似的棍子，但只為了他自己使用，現在來自中國的這個棍子在印度每一個大街小巷都隨處可見。還有，下面這個稱為旋轉拖把的產品(圖)
Its most selling product in India, gods know who designed it but true geniuose,
what china doing is designing daily uses product in Innovative way which make peoplea life easy, manufacturing it with help of IIS way (Intigrated INdustrial Systems) in bulk and selling it via the cities like Yiwu, Canton, and IDIAN buyer like us purchasing it
Secondly Govt. - I Remember the famouse quote of Deng xioping “Being reach is glorious “and chinese people took it very seriously, and govt is providing them everything to achieve these, Govt has to provide growth to people.
now in India its completely Chaos, nobody knows whats going on, politicians are making money out of everything, everybody wants easy money, nobody wants to work hard for it, i think Democracy handled by immature people in govt k ills this nation
它在印度是最暢銷的產品，天知道是誰設計的，但發明人是個真正的天才。
中國所做的就是以創新的方式重新設計日常使用的產品，讓人們的生活更加便利，批量生產，並通過義烏、廣州等城市銷售，讓我們這樣的印度買家得以購買。
第二，政府——我記得有句名言，“致富光榮”，中國人非常認同，政府為他們提供一切條件來致富，政府必須為人民提供經濟增長。
現在印度一片混亂，沒人知道發生了什麼，政客們都忙著撈錢，每個人都想賺快錢，沒人願意付出努力，我認為政府裡不成熟的人操縱的所謂皿煮正是這個國家的痼疾。
Sathish Prabhu V,
Along with the internal structure of the go nment, which is more favorable for manufacturing industries, China's FDI policy pretty robust to it economic growth. Their policies are such that, a manufacturing setup created by a Foreign company should invest in the infrastructure development for their business, which is again quantified based on the size of the business. Such policies ensures that ROI of the business is not achieved at least for 5-6 years of business, which hugely benefits the China, country as a whole
中國的內部結構對製造業更加有利，對外直接投資政策對經濟增長具有相當強的拉動作用。他們的政策是，由外國公司創建的製造機構應該投資於其業務的基礎設施開發，這也是根據業務的規模量化的。這樣的政策確保了至少在5-6年的時間裡無法實現業務的投資回報率，這對中國乃至整個國家都大有裨益。
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