Hi. Let me ask the audience a question: Did you ever lie as a child? If you did, could you please raise
your hand? Wow! This is the most honest group of people I've ever met.
大家好，我先問大家一個問題：作為一個孩子的時候，您撒過謊麼？如果有過，可以舉手麼？天啊！這是我遇
見過的最誠實的一群人。
So for the last 20 years, I've been studying how children learn to tell lies. And today, I'm going to
share with you some of the discoveries we have made.
在過去的二十年，我一直在研究孩子們如何學會撒。今天我將與給分享我們的一些成果。
But to begin, I'm going to tell you a story from Mr. Richard Messina, who is my friend and an
elementary school principal. He got a phone call one day. The caller says, "Mr. Messina, my son
Johnny will not come to school today because he's sick."
不過首先我想先講一個理查德·梅西納先生的故事。他是我的朋友也是一名小學校長，一天他接到了一通電話，
來電的人說，“梅西納先生，我的孩子喬尼今天不去學校了，因為他生病了。“
Mr. Messina asks, "Who am I speaking to, please?"And the caller says, "I am my father." So this story
—sums up very nicely three common beliefs we have about children and lying.
梅西納先生問道：”請問您是誰？“來電的人說：”我是我爸爸。“所以這個故事 — 很好的總結了三個我們
對於孩子撒謊的常識。
One, children only come to tell lies after entering elementary school. Two, children are poor liars. We
adults can easily detect their lies. And three, if children lie at a very young age, there must be some
character flaws with them, and they are going to become pathological liars for life. Well, it turns out
all of the three beliefs are wrong.
第一，孩子通常在上小學後開始撒謊。第二，孩子不會撒謊成人可以簡單地識破他們。第三，如果孩子很早就
開始撒謊，那麼他們一定有一些人格缺陷，並且一生都將是病態的撒謊者。然而結果是，這三個認識都是錯的。
We have been playing guessing games with children all over the world. Here is an example. So in this
game, we asked children to guess the numbers on the cards. And we tell them if they win the
game,they are going to get a big prize.
之前我們一直和全世界的孩子們一起玩競猜遊戲。這裡有一個例子。在這個遊戲中，我們請孩子們猜測卡片上
的數字。並告訴他們如果他們猜中了，他們會得到豐厚的獎勵。
But in the middle of the game, we make an excuse and leave the room. And before we leave the
room, we tell them not to peek at the cards. Of course, we have hidden cameras in the room to watch
their every move. Because the desire to win the game is so strong, more than 90 percent of children
will peek as soon as we leave the room.
在遊戲的中間，我們會藉故離開。離開前會告訴孩子們不要去偷偷看卡片。當然了，隱藏的攝像頭在房間，觀
察孩子們的一舉一動。因為孩子太想贏這個遊戲，超過 90%的孩子在我們離開後馬上偷偷看了卡片。
The crucial question is: When we return and ask the children whether or not they have peeked, will
the children who peeked confess or lie about their transgression? We found that regardless of gender,
country, religion, at two years of age, 30 percent lie, 70 percent tell the truth about their transgression.
關鍵的問題是：當我們回來並且問孩子們，他們是否偷看了卡片時，那些偷看了卡片的孩子會承認他們違反了
遊戲規則麼？我們發現無論性別、國籍、宗教信仰，2 歲孩子中 30%的撒謊了，70%承認了他們違反遊戲規
則。
At three years of age, 50 percent lie and 50 percent tell the truth. At four years of age, more than 80
percent lie. And after four years of age, most children lie. So as you can see, lying is really a typical
part of development. And some children begin to tell lies as young as two years of age.
三歲的孩子中，撒謊的人佔了 50%。四歲的孩子超過 80%都在撒謊。大於四歲的孩子絕大部分都在撒謊。如
您所見，撒謊是成長典型的一部分。很多孩子在 2 歲的時候就已經學會了撒謊。
So now, let's take a closer look at the younger children. Why do some but not all young children lie?
In cooking, you need good ingredients to cook good food. And good lying requires two key
ingredients.The first key ingredient is theory of mind, or the mind-reading ability.
現在我們仔細研究小孩子。為什麼不是所有的孩子都撒謊？在烹飪領域想做出好的食物需要好的原料。一個好
的謊言需要兩個關鍵的原料。第一個是心智理論，換言之讀心的能力。
Mind reading is the ability to know that different people have different knowledge about the
situation and the ability to differentiate between what I know and what you know. Mind reading is
important for lying because the basis of lying is that I know you don't know what I know. Therefore,
I can lie to you.
讀心能力是一種知道相同情況下不同的人知道不同的事情的能力，是一種可以區分我知道什麼和你知道什麼的
能力。讀心能力在撒謊時很重要，因為撒謊從根本上說，就是我知道你不知道我知道。因此我的謊言成功了。
The second key ingredient for good lying is self-control. It is the ability to control your speech, your
facial expression and your body language, so that you can tell a convincing lie. And we found that
those young children who have more advanced mind-reading and self-control abilities tell lies earlier
and are more sophisticated liars. As it turns out, these two abilities are also essential for all of us to
function well in our society.
第二個撒謊的關鍵因素是自我控制，控制語言、控制面部表情、控制身體動作。這樣的謊言才讓人信服。我們
發現那些小孩子中讀心能力和自我控制能力更強的，更早開始說謊，也成為了更老練的撒謊者。
In fact, deficits in mind-reading and self-control abilities are associated with serious developmental
problems, such as ADHD and autism. So if you discover your two-year-old is telling his or her first
lie, instead of being alarmed, you should celebrate —because it signals that your child has arrived at
a new milestone of typical development.
事實證明 這兩種能力在社會中也是至關重要的。並且讀心能力和自我控制能力不足，經常和一些嚴重的發展
問題。比如多動症和自閉症聯繫在一起。所以當你發現你二歲的孩子開始撒謊，不要驚慌，你應該慶幸這意味
著你的孩子進入了典型發展的新的里程碑。
Now, are children poor liars? Do you think you can easily detect their lies? Would you like to give it
a try? Yes? OK. So I'm going to show you two videos.
那麼孩子不會撒謊麼？你可以輕易的識破他們的謊言麼？你願意試試麼？願意？好的。我將要給各位看兩段視
頻。
In the videos, the children are going to respond to a researcher's question, "Did you peek?" So try to
tell me which child is lying and which child is telling the truth. Here's child number one. Are you ready?
視頻中孩子們將會回答研究者的問題“你偷看了卡片麼？”試著告訴我，哪一個孩子撒謊，那一個孩子說真話。
這是第一個孩子。準備好了麼？
(Video) Adult: Did you peek? Child: No.
Kang Lee: And this is child number two.
(Video) Adult: Did you peek? Child: No.
（視頻）-你撒謊了麼？-沒有。
這是第二個孩子
（視頻）-你撒謊了麼？-沒有。
KL: OK, if you think child number one is lying, please raise your hand. And if you think child number
two is lying, please raise your hand. OK, so as a matter of fact, child number one is telling the truth,
child number two is lying. Looks like many of you are terrible detectors of children's lies.
認為第一個孩子撒謊的，請舉手。認為第二個孩子撒謊的，請舉手，事實上，第一個孩子說的是真話，第二個
孩子在撒謊，看起來大家完全無法識破孩子的謊言。
Now, we have played similar kinds of games with many, many adults from all walks of life. And we
show them many videos. In half of the videos, the children lied. In the other half of the videos, the
children told the truth. And let's find out how these adults performed.
現在我們給很多從事各種行業的成年人播放類似的視頻。視頻中一半的孩子撒謊了。另一半的孩子講了真話。
讓我們看看成人識破謊言的表現。
Because there are as many liars as truth tellers, if you guess randomly, there's a 50 percent chance
you're going to get it right. So if your accuracy is around 50 percent, it means you are a terrible
detector of children's lies.
因為說真話和假話的孩子各一半，如果你隨機的猜，你的正確率差不多 50%。所以如果你的準確率在 50%左
右，說明你看不出孩子的謊言。
So let's start with undergrads and law school students, who typically have limited experience with
children. No, they cannot detect children's lies. Their performance is around chance.
我們先從和小孩子的交集有限的本科生和法學院學生開始。不，他們看不出孩子撒謊了，他們只是隨機的猜測。
Now how about social workers and child-protection lawyers, who work with children on a daily
basis?Can they detect children's lies? No, they cannot.
那麼每天和孩子打交道的社會工作者和保護兒童的律師做得如何呢？他們可以分辨孩子的謊言麼？不，他們不
能。
What about judges, customs officers and police officers, who deal with liars on a daily basis? Can
they detect children's lies? No, they cannot.
法官呢？海關官員，或者警察呢？他們每天都在面對謊言，他們可以看出孩子撒謊麼？不，他們不能。
What about parents? Can parents detect other children's lies? No, they cannot. What about, can
parents detect their own children's lies? No, they cannot.
父母呢？父母可以看出別的孩子撒謊麼？不，他們不能。那麼父母可以看出自己的孩子撒謊麼？不，還是不能。
So now you may ask why children's lies are so difficult to detect. Let me illustrate this with my own
son, Nathan. This is his facial expression when he lies.
現在你可能會問為什麼孩子的謊言不容易被識破? 讓我用我的兒子內森來說明。這是他撒謊時的面部表情。
So when children lie, their facial expression is typically neutral. However, behind this neutral
expression, the child is actually experiencing a lot of emotions, such as fear, guilt, shame and maybe
a little bit of liar's delight.
所以孩子撒謊是 他們的面部表情是很自然的。然而在自然的表情背後孩子在體驗一系列的感情、有害怕、內
疚、羞恥也許還有一點騙人的喜悅。
Unfortunately, such emotions are either fleeting or hidden. Therefore, it's mostly invisible to us. So
in the last five years, we have been trying to figure out a way to reveal these hidden emotions. Then
we made a discovery.
可是這些表情或一閃而過，或被隱藏的很好，對於我們來說很難捕捉。所以過去的五年中我們一直在尋找挖掘
隱藏的表情的辦法 後來我們有了發現。
We know that underneath our facial skin, there's a rich network of blood vessels. When we experience
different emotions, our facial blood flow changes subtly. And these changes are regulated by the
autonomic system that is beyond our conscious control. By looking at facial blood flow changes, we
can reveal people's hidden emotions.
我們知道在臉的皮膚下面是豐富的血管網絡。在我們經歷不同的情感的時候，我們面部血液流動也會稍微改變。
這些改變受自動系統的控制人為無法刻意改變。通過觀察面部血液流動變化，我們可以發現人們隱藏的表情。
Unfortunately, such emotion-related facial blood flow changesare too subtle to detect by our naked
eye. So to help us reveal people's facial emotions, we have developed a new imaging technology we
call "transdermal optical imaging."
不過這種情感相關的血液流動，太過於微小以至於肉眼無法看到。所以我們設計了新的圖像技術來幫助我們捕
捉人們的面部表情。我們叫它“透皮光學成像”。
To do so, we use a regular video camera to record people when they experience various hidden
emotions. And then, using our image processing technology, we can extract transdermal images of
facial blood flow changes. By looking at transdermal video images, now we can easily see facial blood
flow changes associated with the various hidden emotions.
我們用普通的鏡頭記錄正在經歷著各種隱藏的感情的人，然後使用圖像處理技術，我們可以通過觀察經皮視頻，
提取面部血液流動的經皮圖像。現在我們可以清楚地看到由於各種隱藏的表情造成的血液流動。
And using this technology, we can now reveal the hidden emotions associated with lying, and
therefore detect people's lies. We can do so noninvasively, remotely, inexpensively, with an accuracy
at about 85 percent, which is far better than chance level.
使用這個技術，我們可以判斷與撒謊相關的隱藏表情進而識破人們的謊言。我們可以在不侵害被試者的情況下
遠程地、廉價地進行操作，並且有 85%的準確率，比隨機要好得多。
And in addition, we discovered a Pinocchio effect. No, not this Pinocchio effect.This is the real
Pinocchio effect. When people lie, the facial blood flow on the cheeks decreases, and the facial blood
flow on the nose increases.
此外我們發現了匹諾曹現象。不不不不是這個現象。這是真的匹諾曹現象。當人們撒謊時，臉頰的面部血液流
動減少，鼻子的血液流動增加。
Of course, lying is not the only situation that will evoke our hidden emotions. So then we asked
ourselves, in addition to detecting lies, how can our technology be used? One application is in
education.
當然撒謊並不是激發隱藏表情的唯一情況。所以我們思考，除了測試謊言之外，這項技術還可以用來做什麼？
在教育領域可以應用這門技術。
For example, using this technology, we can help this mathematics teacher to identify the student in
his classroom who may experience high anxiety about the topic he's teaching so that he can help
him. And also we can use this in health care. For example, every day I Skype my parents, who live
thousands of miles away.
比如使用這項技術可以幫助這位數學老師發現那些教室裡對於他講的內容深感焦慮的學生。這可以很好地幫助
老師。 這門技術同時可以用在健康護理上。比如，每天我和離我幾千公里的父母 Skype。
And using this technology, I can not only find out what's going on in their livesbut also
simultaneously monitor their heart rate, their stress level, their mood and whether or not they are
experiencing pain. And perhaps in the future, their risks for heart attack or hypertension. And you
may ask: Can we use this also to reveal politicians' emotions?
使用這門技術，我不僅可以知道他們那裡發生了什麼，同時我可以監測他們的心率、緊張程度、他們的情緒或
者是否處於痛苦之中。也許將來心臟病和高血壓的風險也可以被檢測出來。也許你會問：我們可以識破政客的
表情麼？
For example, during a debate. Well, the answer is yes. Using TV footage, we could detect the
politicians' heart rate, mood and stress, and perhaps in the future, whether or not they are lying to
us.We can also use this in marketing research, for example, to find out whether or not people like
certain consumer products.
比如在辯論中的表情是的我們可以。使用電視新聞片段，我們可以檢測政客的心率，情緒緊張程度，也許將來
也可以判斷他們是否在說謊。這項技術也可以用於市場調查，比如去探究人們喜不喜歡特定的消費產品。
We can even use it in dating. So for example, if your date is smiling at you, this technology can help
you to determine whether she actually likes you or she is just trying to be nice to you. And in this
case, she is just trying to be nice to you.
我們甚至可以用在約會上。比如，如果你的約會對象對你笑，這門技術可以幫助你判斷，她是真的喜歡你，還
是隻是努力對你友善一些。在這個照片中，她只是想對他友善一點。
So transdermal optical imaging technology is at a very early stage of development. Many new
applications will come about that we don't know today. However, one thing I know for sure is that
lying will never be the same again. Thank you very much. Xiè xie.
所以透皮光學成像技術僅僅處於起步階段。將來會有更多意想不到的新應用出現。然而我堅信，研究謊言的未
來 將會因此變得不同。謝謝大家，謝謝。
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