further和furthermore是兩個相關的術語，它們有各自的含義，但有時它們又可以互換使用。今天我們就來聊聊我所查到的furthermore和further的聯繫和區別，以及其它一些與furthermore同義的詞以及它們之間的聯繫與區別。
1. further和furthermore是否可以互換使用
首先，further和furthermore的主要區別是它們的語法分類。furthermore是副詞，further是動詞、形容詞和副詞。根據此語法類別，這兩個詞也具有不同的含義。因此它們不能總是互換使用。
在區別它們是否可以互換時，我們指的是它們都是在做副詞的時候。此時，這兩個詞有關係，但並不相同。具體而言，furthermore通常情況下可以用further替換，但further並不總是能用furthermore替換。
對於兩個詞的含義和用法，網頁[1]的作者認為further更關注距離（distance）或者程度（extent），而furthermore表示“除了所說的內容”，而且前後兩個語句之間有一定的邏輯關係。
- Further refers to 'more distant, place or time', 'greater extent', or 'in addition to what has been said'.
- Furthermore always means 'in addition to what has been said'.
此外，對於further和furthermore是否可以互換，根據從網頁[2]上查閱到的資料，多數觀點認為它們是不可以互換的，並給出了一些它們之間用法上的明顯區別。另外，網頁[3]上也很好的總結一些兩者之間的區別和聯繫，並總結了一些它們的含義和用法，這些內容也可作參考。
- further通常是用於修飾名詞的形容詞。在通常情況下，它不會在句子開頭出現，它常用於句中，如without further delay。它與additional同義。
- 相比之下，furthermore是一個副詞，它不用來修飾，它用於支持或擴展之前的陳述。它通常在句首出現，如furthermore, they allow pets。它與in addition同義。
但也有部分觀點認為further和furthermore是可以互換的。根據在word reference forum[4]上相關的討論，有以下一些具有代表性並且比較有說服力的觀點，我分別列出供大家參考。
觀點一：
雖然further和furthermore是可以互換的，但並不建議這麼做。建議在一些情況下，用更為精確的詞。另外，furthermore只有一種釋義，所以該用furthermore的時候就用它，不要用further去替代furthremore，就讓further專注用於其它一些常見的表達中去。
Just because you can doesn't mean you should. Although some agree that it is perfectly acceptable to use "further" in this way, others strongly disagree. Better to use the more precise word. Besides, "furthermore" has only one meaning, and this is it. Let it do its job and leave "further" free to get on with its other pursuits ("Send me further information." "Help me further my cause." "I can't take this idea any further.")
觀點二：
further和furthermore表達的含義不一樣，所用的語境也應該不一樣。furthermore用於承接時表示兩者之間存在內在關係。而further用於補充，所承接的兩件事具有漸進關係。
I have seen the two words many times. But sometimes get confused. Let me make up a context.
1. I have been to America. Furthermore, I have eaten a stone.
2. B's economy will not overtake A in 21st century. B has a deformed economical structure. Further, It seems no political devices will rise up in the foreseeable future to substantially change that situation.
In sentence one, there is inter-relation between the two things. Furthermore is just used to supplement something, whatever it is. In sentence two, there is a progressive relation between them.
In which case futher or furthermore can be rightly put into?
觀點三：
在討論further和furthermore是否可以互換時，是在further和furthermore具有相同的含義的前提下進行的。
further具有其它含義，而不是更廣泛的含義，它更關注距離（distance）或者程度（extent），而不是furthermore中前後兩個語句之間的邏輯關係。所以如果認為further和furthermore的用法與in addition和moreover相似，那麼用further和furthermore都無所謂。這只是個人選擇問題。但我的選擇通常是用furthermore。後面作者又補充道，further和furthermore之間的選擇僅僅是個人寫作風格的問題。
Furthermore has a specific meaning. In the context of this thread and the earlier questions in it, there is no difference in meaning between further and furthermore. Further has other meanings, not broader meaning, but they are distinct from furthermore, being more concerned with distance or extent than with the logical connection between statements that is needed for furthermore. Thus, if your proposed use of furthermore or further is similar in meaning to in addition or moreover, then it does not matter whether you use further or furthermore. It is merely a question of personal choice. My choice would usually be furthermore.
The choice between them is nothing more than a matter of personal writing style.
2. Furthermore, moreover, besides之間的區別
下面是從網頁[5]上查閱到的關於三個詞之間區別。
Furthermore： 當僅需在上述原因中增加一個原因時，即可使用furthermore。
Moreover: 用來添加一個與上述原因不同的原因。它主要是為了增加多樣性。
Besides: 當我們強調新的理由時用besides。
下面是從網頁[5]上關於三個詞之間區別的英文原文表述，原文更清楚的解釋了它們之間的區別。
Furthermore, Moreover, Besides:
Furthermore, is, properly, used, when there is need only to add one more reason, to those, before-mentioned; its intent, is to multiply, and, it has no relation, but to number.
Moreover , is in its right place, when used, to add a reason of a different kind, to those, that went before; its chief office is, to add, with a particular respect, to diversity.
Besides, is used with propriety, when we would strengthen by a new reason, the force of those, that were sufficient of themselves, its principal office is, to enhance by abundance.
For a state to support itself, those, who govern, should be moderate; those who ought to obey, governable; furthermore, the laws should be judicious. There will always be war among men, because, they are naturally ambitious, and are governed by interest; moreover, zeal for religion, makes them rigid. Holy Scripture teaches us the unity of the Godhead, and, reason.
總結：當further和furthermore在用作副詞的時候，它們之間雖然可以互換，但一般並不建議這麼做。
參考文獻：
[1] https://pediaa.com/difference-between-further-and-furthermore/
[2] https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/142106/further-versus-furthermore-at-the-beginning-of-a-sentence-meaning
[3] https://fandom-grammar.livejournal.com/87140.html
[4] https://forum.wordreference.com/threads/further-vs-furthermore.2119937/
[5] https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/ecco/004892937.0001.001/1:7.58?rgn=div2;view=fulltext
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