本信息為E者餘生翻譯發佈，未經許可，請勿轉載！
根據今日美國（USA TODAY）Ryan W. Miller在當地時間4月9日下午 1:21報道的消息，研究表明，歐洲旅行者在第一例確診之前就將新型冠狀病毒帶到了紐約。
The new coronavirus began spreading in New York weeks before the first confirmed case and came to the area via travelers from Europe, not China, new research suggests.
新的研究表明，新型冠狀病毒在第一例確診病例之前幾周已經開始在紐約傳播，並通過歐洲而不是中國的旅行者到達該地區。
Two separate teams of scientists studying the genetics of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the region came to similar conclusions: People were spreading the virus in New York as early as late January, before more widespread testing began, and it came mostly from Europe, not Asia.
研究該地區SARS-CoV-2病毒基因的兩組不同的科學家得出了類似的結論:早在1月底，在更廣泛的檢測開始之前，紐約就有人在傳播這種病毒，而且主要來自歐洲，而不是亞洲。
"We know with certainty that these were coming from European strains," Adriana Heguy, director of the Genome Technology Center at NYU Langone Health, told USA TODAY.
“我們確定地知道它們來自歐洲菌株，”紐約大學朗格尼健康學院基因組技術中心主任阿德里安娜·赫格伊（Adriana Heguy）告訴《今日美國》。
Harm van Bakel, a geneticist at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, told the New York Times: "The majority is clearly European."
西奈山伊坎醫學院的遺傳學家Harm van Bakel告訴《紐約時報》：“大多數人顯然是歐洲人。”
The teams, whose research is still in early stages, looked at genomes of the virus taken from different groups of patients beginning in mid-March and found community spread of the virus before then.
他們的研究仍處於早期階段，他們研究了從3月中旬開始從不同患者群體中獲取的病毒基因組，並在此之前發現了該病毒的社區傳播。
The first case of the new coronavirus confirmed in New York came March 1. More than a month earlier President Donald Trump said he would increase restrictions on traveling from China. But it wasn't until March 11 that Trump said he was restricting travel from Europe.
紐約3月1日確診了首例新冠狀病毒病例。一個多月前，唐納德·特朗普總統表示，他將增加來自中國的旅行限制。但直到3月11日，特朗普才表示要限制從歐洲旅行。
In New York, more than 7,000 people have died due to complications from COVID-19, Gov. Andrew Cuomo said Thursday. Almost 150,000 people have confirmed positive tests for the virus, according to the state's health department.
州長安德魯·庫莫（Andrew Cuomo）週四表示，在紐約，由於COVID-19的併發症而導致7,000多人死亡。根據該州的衛生部門，將近有15萬人確認了對該病毒的陽性檢測。
As a researcher, Heguy normally focuses on other diseases like cancer and cardiovascular disease. She said she was looking at work done on sequencing the virus from the University of Washington in Seattle when she got a call from her colleague, Matthew Maurano.
作為一名研究人員，Heguy通常專注於其他疾病，如癌症和心血管疾病。她說，當她接到同事馬修·毛拉諾(Matthew Maurano)的電話時，她正在查看西雅圖華盛頓大學(University of Washington)對這種病毒進行測序工作。
"It's obvious that this is going to explode and we have no idea where all of these strains are coming from," Heguy said she thought one morning. "The same morning, (Maurano) picks up the phone ... and he said, 'Adriana, I think we need to jump on this thing immediately.'"
“很明顯，這是要爆炸，我們不知道所有這些菌株來自哪裡，”Heguy說，她一天早上想。“同一天早上，(毛拉諾)拿起電話……他說，‘阿德里亞娜，我認為我們需要馬上行動起來。’”
The first patient NYU Langone team studied had no travel history, indicating they were infected by someone in the community. When Heguy and Maurano compared the genetic data of the virus from that patient to other's in an international database, it was clear that strain came from England.
紐約大學朗格尼研究小組研究的第一個病人沒有旅行史，這表明他們是被社區裡的人感染的。當Heguy和Maurano在一個國際數據庫中將該患者的病毒遺傳數據與其他患者的進行比較時，很明顯該病毒來自英格蘭。
"That our first case was community acquired gave us the hint that of course this has been going around for a while and it was just undetected because there was no testing happening before," Heguy said.
Heguy說：“我們的第一個案例是社區獲得的，這提示我們當然已經進行了一段時間，並且因為之前沒有進行測試而未被發現。”
Since then, the team has tested more than 90 samples and counting from the New York area to better track from which strain of the virus the region's cases are originating.
自那時以來，該團隊已經對90多個樣本進行了測試，並從紐約地區進行了計數，以更好地跟蹤該地區的病例來自哪種病毒株。
Heguy and the team have pinpointed strains originating from European countries, including France, Austria and the Netherlands, in two-thirds of the patients they've conducted genetic sequencing of the virus. Other strains have come from countries in Asia and the West Coast of the U.S., but taken with the results from the Mount Sinai research, Heguy said it's clear that New York's outbreak largely originated from European strains.
Heguy和他的團隊已經在三分之二的病人身上找到了來自歐洲國家的病毒株，包括法國、奧地利和荷蘭。他們已經對病毒進行了基因測序。其他菌株來自亞洲國家和美國西海岸但從西奈山研究的結果來看，赫基說，很明顯，紐約的疫情主要源於歐洲菌株。
The team has also shared its data and relied on results from scientists around the world to determine where the strains are originating through GISAID and Nextstrain, which are building a database and phylogenetic tree of the virus.
該團隊還共享了其數據，並依靠來自世界各地的科學家的結果來確定菌株的來源是GISAID和Nextstrain，它們正在建立該病毒的數據庫和系統樹。
As the coronavirus passes from one person to another, it can mutate, or change its genetic information slightly, Heguy said. By tracking those mutations, scientists are able to locate from what region that strain of the virus originated.
Heguy說，當冠狀病毒從一個人傳給另一個人時，它可以突變或稍微改變其遺傳信息。通過跟蹤這些突變，科學家可以找到該病毒株起源於哪個區域。
The Mount Sinai study looked at 90 SARS-CoV-2 genomes from 84 confirmed COVID-19 cases in its health system in New York and found "multiple, independent but isolated introductions mainly from Europe and other parts of the United States from January through early March 2020," the researchers wrote.
西奈山研究觀察了來自紐約衛生系統84例確診covid19病例的90個SARS-CoV-2基因組，發現“從1月到2020年3月初，來自歐洲和美國其他地區的倍數的、單個的但又獨立的基因導入，”研究人員寫道。
Van Bakel told the Times that his team identified seven distinct lineages of the virus circulating in New York.
範·巴克爾（Van Bakel）告訴《泰晤士報》，他的團隊發現了在紐約傳播的該病毒的七個不同血統。
"We will probably find more," he added.他補充說：``我們可能會發現更多。''
Without early testing and then sequencing of the virus, though, public health officials weren't able to know where the virus was coming from and who could be at risk before it grew to its current levels, Heguy said.
Heguy說，如果沒有對該病毒進行早期測試然後進行測序，公共衛生官員將無法知道該病毒的來源以及誰會在其發展到目前水平之前處於危險之中。
"Every single case of strange pneumonias here in New York, they could have been testing earlier and then do immediately the contact tracing," she said.
她說：“在紐約，每例奇怪的肺炎病例，都可能早先進行檢測，然後立即進行接觸者追蹤。”
Heguy said continuing to collect data and build out a larger sample size will be a next step in the research. Scientists are also hoping to understand the clinical implications of the different strains of the virus. Sequencing the virus' genetic information now will also help in case a second wave were to occur, she said.
Heguy說繼續收集數據並建立一個更大的樣本將是研究的下一步。科學家們也希望瞭解不同病毒株的臨床意義。她說，現在對這種病毒的遺傳信息進行排序也將有助於防止第二波疫情的發生。
"We want to be ready with all the sequences and the mutations in terms of when there's a second wave so that we can effectually do surveillance," Heguy said.
Heguy說：“我們希望在第二波出現時就所有序列和突變做好準備，以便我們可以有效地進行監視。”
閱讀更多 E者餘生 的文章
