根據《甘肅省普通高等學校招生考試改革方案(試行)》,結合我省實際,2020年我省普通高校招生考試英語聽力仍在高考之外進行,採取全省統一組織的辦法。甘肅省教育科學研究院為此編寫了《2020年甘肅省普通高等學校招生英語聽力測試大綱》,並制定了命題原則、命題程序及方法。“測試大綱”將是2020年我省普通高等學校招生英語聽力考試命題的依據。
一、考試性質和目的
高考英語聽力測試是普通高等學校招生考試的一個組成部分,測試著眼於提高學生語言應用能力,尤其是測試考生理解口頭英語的能力,促進英語學科的教學改革。
二、考試內容和要求
高考英語聽力測試要求考生能聽懂日常生活中內容熟悉、發音清晰、語速適當的簡短對話和獨白。聽力試題的設置嚴格按照“繼續加強語言測試的交際原則,加大語言交際能力的考查力度”的要求,更加全面地考查學生綜合運用語言的能力。
聽力部分提供的語言材料是口語表達形式的對話或獨白,每段對話和獨白都涉及到某一特定話題,具有特定的交際情境。
高考英語聽力測試主要考查考生以下能力:
(1)聽清、聽懂對話或獨白內容的能力。這就需要掌握基本的語音知識,特別注意口語中經常出現的連讀、弱化、失去爆破、同化、語調、重音等。
(2)理解對話或獨白,分析、確認事實細節的能力。有時聽力材料反映的相關內容,試題中可能會以不同方式表達出來,但意義卻是一樣的。
(3)把握整體內容,進行概括總結,理解主旨大意的能力。
(4)根據材料內容,或者說話者的語氣、語調,進行推理、判斷的能力。
(5)根據材料內容或背景信息,推測相關具體內容,如時間、地點、場合、身份、態度、關係等。
三、考試形式與試卷結構
根據省上有關要求,命題採用閉卷的方式,考試時間為30分鐘,試卷滿分為30分。試卷包括簡短對話、對話、獨白等題型,共分兩節。第一節是五段短對話(一般為一問一答形式),每段對話後設一個小題(共5小題,每小題1.5分),要求考生從每小題所給的三個選項中選出最佳選項,每段對話的錄音材料僅讀一遍。第二節是五段長對話或獨白,每段對話或獨白後設幾個小題(共15小題,每小題1.5分),要求考生從每小題所給的三個選項中選出最佳選項,每段對話或獨白的錄音材料讀兩遍。對話部分由一男一女朗讀(一般為英音),談話雙方的聲音特點明顯不同,身份明確;考生實際的聽力理解時間一般控制為20分鐘左右。無論是上述哪一種類型的試題,都將放在真實的語境中進行考查,而不會把脫離語境的語言材料作為考試內容。
測試安排:聽力測試正式開考前10分鐘開始分發試卷、答題卡和試音(兩者同時進行),等播音中出現“試音到此結束”時立即停止播放,不要將磁帶倒回開頭處,待等到聽力考試正式考試信號時繼續播放。此時英語聽力測試正式開始,考生根據測試內容開始按語音提示作答。
答題方式:考生根據所聽到的對話或獨白從每題所給的題目中選出最佳選項,並標在試卷的相應位置,最終必須塗在答題卡上。
試題難易度由低到高按7:2:1比例命題,即考查基礎知識和基本技能的試題佔70%,考查學生靈活運用語言知識能力、難度稍高的試題佔20%,有一定深度的較難試題佔10%。
四、命題原則、命題特點及素材特點
1.命題原則
聽力是與外國人直接交往中必不可少的一種語言能力。英語聽力試題是為了考查學生理解口頭英語的能力。聽的能力反映在聽的過程中,對說話者所發出的信息進行辨別、判斷和理解。《普通高中英語課程標準》中對聽力的二級目標要求應是我省聽力試題命題的重要參考依據。它要求考生能聽懂英美人士的錄音材料,能聽懂所學語言範圍內用正常語速談論日常生活的內容,能聽懂沒有生詞、題材熟悉、難度略低於所學材料的語段,語速為每分鐘120個詞。聽力二級目標要求考生做到:聽一遍能理解大意,聽二至三遍能瞭解其中重要的細節,理解正確率要求達到70%。
《普通高等學校招生全國統一考試英語學科考試說明》指出,聽力理解是領會語言語義的一項重要能力,聽者要對聽到的語音信號進行復雜加工,整個過程是一個非常積極、非常活躍的動態過程,是背景知識、語境和語言知識相互撞擊、相互作用,對聽力材料不斷吸收、最終形成理解的過程。
2020年的甘肅省高考英語聽力測試將進一步在2019年的基礎上,繼續以檢測學生理解和獲取信息的能力為重點,更加註重考查學生的聽力技能。
2.命題特點
1)強調話語的整體理解;
2)強調口語的真實性;
3)強調對社會語言策略的具體把握;
4)強調情感、情緒因素在口語表述中的重要作用;
5)強調聽力技能的熟練運用;
6)選材儘量貼近學生、貼近生活、貼近時代。
具體表現在:
1.大多數聽力材料來源於英語國家的生活會話,具有明顯的口語特徵,聽起來自然、真實,符合在非測試狀態下英語口語在日常生活中運用的真實情景。
2.題材廣泛,內容涉及日常生活、文化教育、風土人情、傳說故事、時事新聞、科普知識、人物傳記等許多方面,話題明確,主題突出,有利於全面有效地檢測考生在不同生活實際環境下對所學語言的接受能力。
3.聽力材料一般由5段1-2個回合的簡短對話和5段3-5個回合的較長對話或獨白組成,該部分語句結構和內容層次比前一部分簡短對話略顯複雜。但一般來說,除一些專有名詞外,材料中一般沒有生詞。
4.題乾和選項一般比較簡短,各選項的長度、難度和結構基本一致。
5.語速自然,相當於真實生活中人們講話的正常語速。
6.聽力材料一般由英籍專家朗讀,但將來也可能會有美音、甚至澳大利亞和加拿大音,乃至背景音,體現語言的真實性、交際性和實用性。
3.素材特點
聽力理解的語言材料有別於閱讀材料,具體表現在:句子短,語言結構不如書面語言那麼嚴謹,且多餘信息多(諸如you know, listen, well, I mean, you see等),內容多為貼近學生生活或日常交際生活中的對話或獨白,它來源於生活,體現生活,和我們日常生活有密切聯繫,具有口語特徵,諸如猶豫、停頓、重複、思考、重音、略音、拖長音、被打斷、語序顛倒等,句子簡短等。同時,錄音文字材料的語言難度也略低於閱讀材料,材料中一般不會出現生詞,但個別不影響理解的詞彙也有可能出現;選項中能用單詞的不用短語,能用短語的不用句子,不用複雜的句子作選項;聽力試題不考查語法知識;問題常以特殊疑問句的形式出現,不以一般疑問句的形式出現。
聽力語言材料的內容主要涉及日常生活、文化教育、風土人情、時事和科普常識等方面。常見的日常生活的話題有:問候、邀請、看病、約會、聚餐、購物、通知、問路、打電話、談論天氣、詢問時間、自然災害、新聞報道等等內容。聽力語言材料的長度適宜,既有足夠的信息量供試題設計問題,又不會給考生增加記憶負擔,最長的一段語言材料只有150個詞左右(近兩年的試題情況),最短的對話也創設了一個較明確的語境。
五、命題程序及方法
命題既是一種學術水平的體現,也是一門技術。為了使試題既符合教學大綱對學習內容的目標要求,又能體現考試評價改革的新理念,命題一般要經過以下步驟:
1.學習教學大綱(包括教材)及《標準》中有關聽力要求的內容,研讀《2017年甘肅省普通高等學校招生外語聽力測試大綱》中的有關規定。
2.制定“雙向細目表”。
3.選擇擬出題的各個分項。在“雙向細目表”中,利用打“√”等方式選擇在哪些知識點上命題。所命試題的題型、難度、分值應符合《2017年甘肅省普通高等學校招生外語聽力測試大綱》中的“一、二、三”尤其是“三、考試方式與試卷結構”的要求。
4.利用前三步擬定好的雙向細目表開始命題。
5.討論修改。當試題命制完畢後,每個命題人應根據“雙向細目表”認真閱讀自己命制的試題,並做適當的調整或修改。
6.拼卷。當試題修改後,經過集體討論就可以拼捲了,討論時應該說明所命試題的出處等。拼卷時,要注意由易到難排列。拼好試卷後,再認真考慮整卷的難度、各考查內容的比例、賦分等。最後,根據整卷分析情況進行個別試題的調整、修改或重新命制。
7.審題。當試卷拼好並進行調整後,即可審題,審題時,既要審查每道試題的科學性,還要考慮效度、信度、難度,以及整卷的內容比例、難度比例等。
8.根據審題意見進行修改。
在命題過程中要避免試題中出現不規範性和隨意性,要特別注意其中的第3至第5步驟。
六、題型示例
一、考查簡短對話
W:You are thinner than you used to be, aren’t you?
M:I am sure! I’ve lost 25 pounds and I feel great. I’m down to 165 pounds now.
1. How much did the woman weigh before she began to lose weight?
A. 165 pounds.
B. 190 pounds.
C. 140 pounds.
二、考查長對話
M:I’m going to the cinema tonight. Would you like to go, Rebecca?
W:What’s on?
M:It’s a Western movie: A Cowboy Comes Home. I read the book about it. It’s really interesting.
W:But there’s Western on TV tonight. Why bother to turn out and pay for a cinema seat.
M:Do you think that’ll be the same movie? What’s more, movies on TV are nearly always old and they were probably made ten years ago. But A Cowboy Comes Home is a new one. And in the cinema there’s a wide screen and the color is better. And a movie can make everything more exciting and vivid.
W:You’re right. But you cannot choose your program, and it’s a waste of money to walk out on the middle if you’re bored. Here at home it’s so easy to turn off the TV, not that I do turn it off very often though.
M:Ah, I now know. That’s just it. You’re drugged by it: you’ve given up your old interests.
2.What are the speakers mainly talking about?
A. Watching TV or going to the movies.
B. Reading a book or watching TV at home.
C. Staying at home or eating out in the evening.
3. Why does the woman say going to the movies can be a waste of money?
A. You have to pay for the ticket which is much too expensive.
B. You have no choice as to what movie you’d like to see.
C. You may leave the cinema when you do not like the movie.
W:Hilton Hotel.
M:Please give me the desk.
W:Reservations. Can I help you?
M:I’m a teacher of the University of New York, I’m coming to attend an annual conference on American Literature in Hong Kong next month. Could I make a reservation in your hotel?
W:Sure you can. It’s our pleasure to do whatever we can to serve our guests. May I ask how many of you would be traveling together and when you’ll be arriving here?
M:Two of us will arrive on Sep.11th.
W:That would be fine. Uhm, what sort of room do you like to reserve?
M:I would like to book two single rooms with private baths.
W:How long do you plan to stay here?
M:Probably from Sep.11th to 17 th .
W:OK. We can arrange that.
M:By the way, Could you let me know how much you charge?
W:The charge for a single room with bath is 50 dollars a day. On top of that there is a 12 percent service charge. This does not, of course, include lunch or dinner.
M: OK.
W: Then I’ll send you a written confirmation that the reservation has been made. Your name, please?
M: Robert Smith.
W: Your telephone number?
M: 121-3452.
W: 121-3452. Am I right?
M: Yeah.
W: We’ll be happy to look after you during your stay here.
M: Thank you very much.
4. Where is the man from?
A. America.
B. Hong Kong.
C. Europe.
5. When will the man leave the hotel?
A. On Sep.11th.
B. On Sep. 17th.
C. On Sep. 16th.
6. What can you learn from the conversation?
A. The man will have free breakfast or dinner at hotel.
B. The man will stay at hotel for 5 days.
C. The total charge for a single room with bath is 50 dollars a day, including 12 percent service charge.
三、考查獨白
Now, you want to know about life in the past. Right? I can tell you. When I was a boy, things were different. I had to get up at six every morning. That was not very bad in summer, but in winter it was cold. And we didn’t have any hot water in the house. We had to wash in cold water. We didn’t have a bathroom. My dad had some chickens. I had to feed them every morning and then I had to walk to school with my little sister. It was two miles to school and two miles back in the evening. But it always seemed longer in the morning when we were going to school. There was a bus, but we didn’t have the money. And we had to go to bed at seven o’clock every night. We couldn’t watch TV because there wasn’t any. On Sundays we had to go to church three times --- morning, afternoon and evening. And we couldn’t play outside on Sundays. But it wasn’t all bad. We had some good times. We could go out and our parents didn’t have to worry about us. There weren’t so many cars on the roads then, so the streets were safe to play in. And there were not many robbers and thieves in those days. We had to work hard and we weren’t able to buy all those things in the shops today. Life was hard, but it was simple and people were happier. I don’t think I’d like to be young today.
7. What did the man have to do in the morning ?
A. He fed the chickens.
B. He cleaned the bathroom.
C. He carried water for the family.
8. Why did the man go to school foot ?
A. No bus ran in that direction.
B. The school was near.
C. His family was poor.
9. What did the man do every Sunday ?
A. He was taken to church three times.
B. He stayed at home all day.
C. He played in the street.
10. What can we learn from what the speaker said ?
A. He is a retired teacher of history.
B. He thinks children were happier in the past.