At roughly the same time as Penzias and Wilson were investigating noise in their detector, two American physicists at nearby Princeton University, Bob Dicke and Jim Peebles, were also taking an interest in microwaves. They were working on a suggestion, made by George Gamow (once a student of Alexander Friedmann), that the early universe should have been very hot and dense, glowing white hot. Dicke and Peebles argued that we should still be able to see the glow of the early universe, because light from very distant parts of it would only just be reaching us now. However, the expansion of the universe meant that this light should be so greatly red-shifted that it would appear to us now as microwave radiation. Dicke and Peebles were preparing to look for this radiation when Penzias and Wilson heard about their work and realized that they had already found it. For this, Penzias and Wilson were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1978 (which seems a bit hard on Dicke and Peebles, not to mention Gamow!).
Now at first sight, all this evidence that the universe looks the same whichever direction we look in might seem to suggest there is some-thing special about our place in the universe. In particular, it might seem that if we observe all other galaxies to be moving away from us, then we must be at the center of the universe. There is, however, an alternate explanation: the universe might look the same in every direction as seen from any other galaxy too. This, as we have seen, was Friedmann’s second assumption. We have no scientific evidence for, or against, this assumption. We believe it only on grounds of modesty: it would be most remarkable if the universe looked the same in every direction around us, but not around other points in the universe! In Friedmann’s model, all the galaxies are moving directly away from each other. The situation is rather like a balloon with a number of spots painted on it being steadily blown up. As the balloon expands, the distance between any two spots increases, but there is no spot that can be said to be the center of the expansion. Moreover, the farther apart the spots are, the faster they will be moving apart. Similarly, in Friedmann’s model the speed at which any two galaxies are moving apart is proportional to the distance between them. So it predicted that the red shift of a galaxy should be directly proportional to its distance from us, exactly as Hubble found. Despite the success of his model and his prediction of Hubble’s observations, Friedmann’s work remained largely unknown in the West until similar models were discovered in 1935 by the American physicist Howard Robertson and the British mathematician Arthur Walker, in response to Hubble’s discovery of the uniform expansion of the universe.
Proportional 成比例的
大约同时，在附近的普林斯顿的两位美国物理学家，罗伯特·狄克和詹姆士·皮帕尔斯也对微波感兴趣。他们正在研究乔治·伽莫夫（曾为亚历山大·弗利德曼的学生）的一个见解：早期的宇宙必须是非常密集的、白热的。狄克和皮帕尔斯认为，我们仍然能看到早期宇宙的白热，这是因为光是从它的非常远的部分来，刚好现在才到达我们这儿。然而，宇宙的膨胀使得这光被如此厉害地红移，以至于现在只能作为微波辐射被我们所看到。正当狄克和皮帕尔斯准备寻找这辐射时，彭齐亚斯和威尔逊听到了他们所进行的工作，并意识到，自己已经找到了它。为此，彭齐亚斯和威尔逊被授予1978年的诺贝尔奖（狄克和皮帕尔斯看来有点难过，更别提伽莫夫了！）
现在初看起来，关于宇宙在任何方向看起来都一样的所有证据似乎暗示，我们在宇宙的位置有点特殊。特别是，如果我们看到所有其他的星系都远离我们而去，那似乎我们必须在宇宙的中心。然而，还存在另外的解释：从任何其他星系上看宇宙，在任何方向上也都一样。我们知道，这正是弗利德曼的第二个假设。我们没有任何科学的证据去相信或反驳这个假设。我们之所以相信它只是基于谦虚：因为如果宇宙只是在我们这儿看起来各向同性，而在宇宙的其他地方并非如此，则是非常异的！在弗利德曼模型中，所有的星系都直接相互离开。这种情形很像一个画上好多斑点的气球被逐渐吹胀。当气球膨胀时，任何两个斑点之间的距离加大，但是没有一个斑点可认为是膨胀的中心。并且斑点相离得越远，则它们互相离开得越快。类似地，在弗利德曼的模型中，任何两个星系互相离开的速度和它们之间的距离成正比。所以它预言，星系的红移应与离开我们的距离成正比，这正是哈勃所发现的。尽管他的模型的成功以及预言了哈勃的观测，但是直到1935年，为了响应哈勃的宇宙的均匀膨胀的发现，美国物理学家哈瓦·罗伯逊和英国数学家阿瑟·瓦尔克提出了类似的模型后，弗利德曼的工作在西方才被普遍知道。