焊接的分類：
⑴ 熔化焊接（Fusion welding）
如：手工電弧焊（SMAW：Shielded metal arc welding）
埋弧焊（SAW：Submerged arc welding）
鎢極惰性氣體保護電弧焊（TIG：Tungsten Inert-Gas arc welding）
熔化極惰性氣體保護電弧焊（MIG：metal Inert-gas arc welding）
⑵ 壓力焊接（Pressure welding）
如：冷壓焊（Cold welding）
摩擦焊（Friction welding）
擴散焊（Diffusion welding）
爆炸焊（Explosive welding）
⑶ 釺焊（Soldering(軟釺焊)/Brazing（硬釺焊））
如：電阻釺焊（resistance brazing）
火焰釺焊（torch brazing/ soldering）
其它常用焊接：
熱壓焊：hot pressure welding
電渣焊：electroslag welding
電子束焊：electron beam welding
電阻焊：resistance welding
點焊: Spot weld
註釋：除非有特殊工作的可能要多瞭解其它的，一般焊接的基本英語知識掌握這些就可以了，多了反而不好記憶。
焊縫接頭（Welded joint）
1、常用焊接接頭：對接接頭(Butt joint); 搭接接頭（Lap joint）；角接接頭（Filit weld）;
T型接頭（T-joint/Tee joint）；
最常用的是:對接接頭（Butt joint is the most used one）
2、 對接接頭：兩焊件端面相對平行的接頭（The joint whose welding suefaces of both welding parts are parallel is called butt joint.）
2.1 不開坡口的對接接頭（Butt joint without groove）
2.1.1 薄鋼板的焊接（Weiling of thin steel sheets）
如果產品在厚度方向上不要求全焊透，可進行單面焊接，應必須保證焊縫的計算厚度H≥0.7δ，δ為板厚。如果要求產品在整個厚度上全部焊透，可在焊縫背面用碳弧氣刨清跟後再進行焊接，即形成不開坡口的雙面焊接對接接頭。
（If the product doesn’t need full penetration of welding, we can take single-side welding, and must make sure that the caculating thickness is more than or equal to 0.7δ(δis the thickness of steel sheets) , If full penetration of welding needed, we can use carbon arcgouging to back chipping at the back of weld, after which weiding can be taken, than the double-faced welding butt joint without groove is formed.）
2.1.2 厚鋼板的焊接（Weiling of thick steel sheets）
開坡口的對接接頭，用於鋼板較厚而需要全焊透的焊件。
（Butt joint with groove is used for thick welding parts which is needed full penetration of welding）
坡口（Groove）
1. 坡口的幾何尺寸(Geometrical dimension of groove)
1.1 坡口面（Groove face/surface）
焊件的坡口表面叫坡口面（The surface of groove is named groove face）
1.2 坡口面的角度和坡口角度（groove face angle and groove angle）
焊件表面的垂直面與坡口之間的夾角叫做坡口面角度（The angle between the vertical surface of the welding part and the groove is called groove face angle.
兩個坡口之間的角度叫做坡口角度（The angle between the two groove faces is called groove face）.
1.3 根部間隙（Root opening/clearance）
在焊接前，接頭根部之間留的預留的空隙叫根部間隙，根部間隙的作用在焊接打底焊道時，能保障根部可以焊透。（The clearance obligated for joint before welding is called root opning , whose function is to keep the root can be full penetration welded when backing weld is welded）.
1.4 鈍邊（Root face）焊件開坡口時，沿焊件方向未開坡口的端面部分叫鈍邊。
（When groove is made,the face without groove along the weiding part direction is called root face）
1.5 根部半徑（Root radius）在J型、U型坡口底部的半徑叫根部半徑。
（The radius at the bottom of the J-groove or V-groove is called root radius）.
1.6 坡口的形式：
根據坡口形狀的不同，長用的有：I型（不開坡口），V型，X型，U型；
（For the different of groove shape, we can classify the groove mainly into I-groove(without groove),v-groove,X-groove,U-groove.）
V型坡口是最常用的坡口形式，便於加工，焊接時為單面焊，不用翻轉焊件，但焊後容易變形。
（V-groove is the most used one.which is easy to machine and no turn is needed, but distortion is easy to form）
1.7 坡口的加工
常用方法：氧氣切割（oxygen cutting），碳弧氣刨（carbon arcgouging），
刨 削（planing）, 車 削（turning）
氧氣切割：應用最廣泛的一種，有手工、辦自動、自動三種方法。
（oxygen cutting：The most used one,Inluding mannul,semi-automatic and automatic op
焊縫（weld）
1. 焊縫的分類：對接焊縫（butt weld）,角焊縫（fillet weld）,塞焊縫（plug weld），
端接焊縫（edge weld）
2. 焊縫的形狀與尺寸：
2.1 焊縫尺寸：焊縫的尺寸用一系列幾何尺寸來表示：
weld dimension:（The dimension of weld is defined by a series of geometrical dimensions.）
⑴ 焊縫寬度（weld width）
⑵ 餘 高（weld reinforcement）
⑶ 熔 深（depth of penetration）
⑷ 焊縫厚度（weld depth）
⑸ 角焊縫的形狀和尺寸（The shape an dimension of fillet joint）
角焊縫的形狀和尺寸的表示參數：
① 焊縫計算高度（weld caculating hight）
② 焊縫凸度（weld convexity）
③ 焊縫凸度（weld concavity）
⑹ 焊縫成型係數（The coefficient of weld moulding）
焊接工藝參數對焊縫成型的影響
（The affection of welding procedure parameter to weld formation）
焊接工藝參數：焊接時，為保證焊接質量而選定的諸物理量（如：焊接電流、電弧電壓、焊接速度、線能量等）的總稱叫焊接工藝參數。
（Welding procedure parameter：The floorboard of all physical terms(as weiding current,arc voltage,welding speed, energy definitions and so on)which are selected to ansure the welding quality when welding is taken is called welding procedure parameter）
1、 焊接電流：當其它條件不變時，增加焊接電流，則焊縫寬度和厚度都增加，而焊縫寬度幾乎保持不邊。其原因是：
Welding current:When the other conditions don’t change, if the weld current is added,both the weld depth and weld reinforcement will increase, the weld width almost will not change. The reasons are:
⑴ 焊接電流增加時，電弧的熱量增加，因此熔池體積和弧坑深度都隨電流增加，所以冷卻下來後，焊縫厚度就增加。
When the welding current is added, the quality of heat of the arc will increase, so both the volume of molten puddle and the depth of arc crater will all increase, and the weld depth will increase when the weld is cooling.
⑵ 焊接電流增加時，焊絲的熔化量也增加，因此焊縫的餘高也隨之增加。
When the welding current is added, the fusion quality of welding stick will increase, so the weld reinforcement also will increase.
⑵ 焊接電流增加時，一方面是電弧截面略有增加，導致熔寬增加，另一方面是電流增加促使弧坑深度增加。由於電壓沒有改變，所以弧廠也不變，導致電弧潛入熔池，使電弧擺動範圍縮小，就是促使容熔寬減小。由於兩者的共同作用，實際上熔寬幾乎保持不變。
When the welding current is added, on the one hand,the section of arc will more or less increase, so the fusion width will increase; on the other hand, the depth of arc crater will increase. For the welding voltage doesn’t change, so the arc length also will not change, and the arc will penetrate into the molten puddle, which will make the swing range small,so the fusion width will decrease. By the both effection,the fusion width is almost not changed practically.
2、 電弧電壓：當其它條件不變時，電弧電壓增大，焊縫寬度顯著增加而焊縫和餘高將略有減少。這是因為電弧電壓增加意味著電弧的長度增加，因此電弧擺動範圍擴大而導致焊縫寬度增加。同時，電弧增長後，電弧的熱量損失加大，所以用來熔化母材和焊絲的熱量減少，相對焊縫寬度和餘高就略有減少。
Arc voltage: :When the other conditions don’t change, the arc voltage is added, the weld width will increase notably,but theweld depth and weld reinforcement will decrease smally.This is beacause that the the addation of arc voltage means the decreasement, so the enlargement of are swing makes the increasement of weld width. Meanwhile, as the growth of arc, the lost of arc heat quality becomes larger, so the heat quality which is used to fuse base metal and weld stick decreases, the weld width and weld reinforcement decreases comparatively.
3、 焊接速度（welding speed）
焊接速度對焊縫厚度和焊縫寬度有明顯的影響，當焊接速度增加時，焊縫厚度和寬度都大為下降，這是因為焊接速度增加時，焊縫中單位時間內輸入的熱量減少。
The welding speed have evident effection on weld depth and weld width, when welding speed is added,both weld depth and weld width will decrease, for the inputed heat per time is limited.
4、 其它因素：
① 電極直徑和焊絲外伸:electrode diameter and welding stick outside elongation
② 電極（焊絲）傾角：elecrode(stick) obliquity
③ 焊件傾角:welding parts obliquity
④ 坡口形狀:groove shape
⑤ 保護氣體成分: elements of protective gas
⑥ 焊劑: welding flux
⑦ 母材的化學成分: elements of basic metaleration.）
焊接電弧（welding arc）
電弧是一種空氣導電的現象，在兩極間強烈而持久的放電現象稱為電弧。
Arc is phenomenon of electric conductivity in the atmosphere, the fierce and permanent phenomenon of electricity discharge is called arc.
1、引弧法 （arc generation technique）
⑴ 接觸短路引弧法（arc generation technique of short circuit contaction）
⑵ 高壓脈衝引弧法（arc generation technique of high voltage pulse）
2、焊接電弧的組成（the constituition of welding arc）
⑴ 陽極區（anode area）
⑵ 陰極區（cathode area）
⑶ 弧柱區（arc pole area
焊接應力與變形
1、內應力：內應力是在沒有外力條件下平衡於物體內部的應力。
Inner stress：Inner stress is the stress which balances the object interior without exterior stress.
2、 變形：物體在某些外界條件下的影響下，發生形狀和尺寸的變化。
Deformation：The object has changements of shape and dimension under some influences of outside conditions.
變形的分類：自由變形（free deformation）;
外觀變形（visual deformation）;
內部變形（inner deformation）
3、 焊接殘餘變形（welding residual deformation）的分類
⑴ 縱向收縮變形：構件焊後在焊縫方向上發生的收縮。
Longitudinal contraction deformation：The component contracts in the weld direction after weiding.
⑵ 橫向收縮變形：構件焊後在垂直焊縫方向上發生的收縮。
Transverse/cross/lateral contraction deformation：The component contracts in the upright direction of weld after weiding.
⑶ 彎曲變形：構件焊後朝一側彎曲的變形。
Bending deformation：The component bends in one side after welding.
⑷ 其它：
① 角變形： （angular deformation）
② 波浪變形：（wave-like deformation）
③ 錯邊變形：（mismatching deformation）
④ 扭曲變形：（deflection deformation）
焊接殘餘變形的因素（the reasons of welding residual deformation）
1、 焊接位置： 如果焊縫在結構佈置對稱，焊接順序合理時，則主要產生縱向收縮和橫向收縮變形，反之，則要發生彎曲變形。
Welding position: If the configuration collocation of weld is symmetry and the welding sequence is reasonable, the longitudinal contraction and transverse lateral contraction deformation are usually produced, incontrast, the bending deformation is usually produced.
2、 結構剛性：結構抵抗變形的能力叫剛性。剛性大的結構焊後變形小。結構的剛性取決於結構截面的形狀、尺寸和佈置，截面積越大，長度越短，剛性越大。
Configuration rigidity: The capability of resisting deformation of configuration is called rigidity,.the configuration whose rigidity is large has less deformation. The rigidity of configuration depends on the shape,dimension and collocation of configuration secyion, if the secyion is large and the length is shorter, the rigidity will be larger.
3、 裝配—焊接順序：將結構總裝後進行焊接，由於結構剛性增加，可以減少焊後變形。
Assembly—welding sequence:The configuration which had been whole assembled can decrease welding deformation for configuration rigidity had been added.
4、 坡口長度和形式：焊縫越長，焊接變形越大，坡口內空間越大，變形越大。
Groove length and shape: If the weld is longer or the the vacuum of groove is larger, the welding deformation will be larger.
5、 焊接線能量：焊接線能量越大，焊接變形越大。
Welding energy definition: If the Welding energy definition is larger ,the welding deformation will be larger too.
控制焊接殘餘變形的措施
The measures of control welding residual deformation.
1、 設計措施：正確的設計方案是控制變形的根本措施。
Design measure: The right design scheme is the basical measure to control the deformation.
⑴ 選用合理的焊縫尺寸：增大焊縫尺寸，變形也會變大；但過小的焊縫尺寸，將降低裂紋的承載能力，使接頭的冷卻速度加快。
Choosing the reasonable weld dimension: The defornation will be increased when weld dimension is added;but if the weld dimension is too small, it will decrease reduce the load ability of weld and quicken the cooling speed of joint.
⑵ 儘可能的減少焊縫數量：適當選擇板壁的厚度，可減少焊後變形矯正量。
Decrease the weld number as possible: Choosing the right thickness of steel plate can reduce the rectification amount after welding!
⑶ 合理安排焊縫位置： Arrange the weld position reasonably:
⑷ 預留收縮餘量：Remain the contraction in advance.
⑸ 留出焊接夾具的位置：Remain the position of welding clamp in advance.
控制焊接殘餘變形的措施
The measures of control welding residual deformation.
2、 工藝措施（Procedure measure）
⑴ 選擇合理的裝配—焊接順序
Selecting the right assembly—welding sequence.
不同的裝配—焊接順序，焊後產生不同的殘餘變形，一般是先點固，再進行對稱焊接。
Different assembly—welding sequence may result different risidual deformation,we usually take fixup by spot welding first, then take welding symmetrically.
⑵ 選擇合理的焊接順序
Selecting the right welding sequence.
① 採用對稱焊接 Take symmetrical welding.
② 焊縫不對稱時先焊焊縫少的一側 When the weld is not symmetrical, we should weld the side which has less weld.
③ 選擇合理的焊接方向 Selecting the right welding direction.
從中間向兩端逐步退焊法變形最小，採用逐段跳焊法也可以減少變形。
Take welding from middle to both ends step by step may have the least deformation, or take welding from one section to another step by step may also reduce the deformation.
④ 反變形法 anti-deformation
⑤ 剛性固定法 rigidity fixed method
⑥ 選擇合適的線能量 Selecting the right welding energy definition
焊後殘餘變形的矯正方法
1、 機械矯正法： 機械矯正法是利用機械力的作用來矯正變形，可以用手工錘擊或機械壓力。
Machine rectification: Machine rectification is using machine power to rectify deformation, which can be taken by hand hammering or machine pressure.
2、 火焰加熱矯正法： 火焰加熱矯正法是利用火焰局部加熱時產生的塑性變形，使較長的金屬在冷卻後收縮，以達到矯正的目的。火焰採用氧—乙炔火焰或其它可燃氣體火焰，這種方法設備簡單，操作容易，但難度較大。
Flame rectification: Flame rectification is using plasticity rectification of some parts which is caused by heating of flame to make the metal contraction aftercooling, by which the purpose of recitification can achieved. The flame use oxyacetylene or other burnt gases, for this method, the equipment is simple, the operation is easy, but the difficulty is large.
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