As long ago as 340 BC the Greek philosopher Aristotle, in his book On the Heavens, was able to put forward two good arguments for believing that the earth was a round sphere rather than a Hat plate. First, he realized that eclipses of the moon were caused by the earth coming between the sun and the moon. The earth’s shadow on the moon was always round, which would be true only if the earth was spherical. If the earth had been a flat disk, the shadow would have been elongated and elliptical , unless the eclipse always occurred at a time when the sun was directly under the center of the disk.
Second, the Greeks knew from their travels that the North Star appeared lower in the sky when viewed in the south than it did in more northerly regions. (Since the North Star lies over the North Pole, it appears to be directly above an observer at the North Pole, but to someone looking from the equator, it appears to lie just at the horizon. From the difference in the apparent position of the North Star in Egypt and Greece, Aristotle even quoted an estimate that the distance around the earth was 400,000 stadia. It is not known exactly what length a stadium was, but it may have been about 200 yards, which would make Aristotle’s estimate about twice the currently accepted figure. The Greeks even had a third argument that the earth must be round, for why else does one first see the sails of a ship coming over the horizon, and only later see the hull?
Disk 磁盤
Elliptical 橢圓的
Eclipse 日食
Stadia 視距
Sail 帆
Hull 船體
早在公元前340年，希臘哲學家亞里士多德在他的《論天》一中，就已經能夠對於地球是一個圓球而不是一塊平板這一論點提出兩個很好的論據。第一，他認為月食是由於地球運行到太陽與月亮之間而造成的。地球在月亮上的影子總是圓的，這隻有在地球本身為球形的前提下才成立。如果地球是一塊平坦的圓盤，除非月食總是發生在太陽正好位於這個圓盤中心之下的時候，否則地球的影子就會被拉長而成為橢圓。
第二，希臘人從旅行中知道，在越往南的地區看星空，北極星則顯得越靠近地平線。（因為北極星位於北極的正上方，所以它出現在處於北極的觀察者的頭頂上，而對於赤道上的觀察者，北極星顯得剛好在地平線上。）根據北極星在埃及和在希臘呈現出來的位置的差別，亞里士多德甚至估計地球大圓長度為400斯特迪亞。現在不能準確地知道，一個斯特迪亞的長度究竟是多少，但也許是200（1碼=0.9144米）碼左右，這樣就使得亞里士多德的估計為現在所接受數值的兩倍。希臘人甚至為地球是球形提供了第三個論據，否則何以從地平線外駛來的船總是先露出船帆，然後才是船身？
閱讀更多 聰哥記單詞 的文章
