06.19 雙語：報告指哈佛大學給亞裔申請者性格打低分

報告指哈佛大學給亞裔申請者性格打低分

Harvard Rated Asian-American Applicants Lower on Personality Traits, Suit Says

ANEMONA HARTOCOLLIS

2018年6月19日

Harvard consistently rated Asian-American applicants lower than others on traits like “positive personality,” likability, courage, kindness and being “widely respected,” according to an analysis of more than 160,000 student records filed Friday by a group representing Asian-American students in a lawsuit against the university.

一個代表亞裔美國學生的組織分析了超過16萬名學生的檔案，於本週五在對哈佛大學的訴訟中提交了分析報告。根據這份報告，在“積極人格”、親善力、勇敢、善良和“廣受尊敬”等性格特質上，哈佛一直對亞裔申請人打出低於其他族裔申請人的評分。

Asian-Americans scored higher than applicants of any other racial or ethnic group on admissions measures like test scores, grades and extracurricular activities, according to the analysis commissioned by a group that opposes all race-based admissions criteria. But the students’ personal ratings significantly dragged down their chances of being admitted, the analysis found.

該組織反對一切由種族出發的錄取標準，它委託進行的這項分析顯示，在測驗得分、等級分、課外活動這些錄取指標上，亞裔美國學生的得分比其他族裔的申請人都高。但分析也發現，亞裔學生的性格評分顯著拉低了他們的錄取機會。

The court documents, filed in federal court in Boston, also showed that Harvard conducted an internal investigation into its admissions policies in 2013 and found a bias against Asian-American applicants. But Harvard never made the findings public or acted on them.

提交給波士頓聯邦法院的這些法庭文件還顯示，哈佛大學在2013年對其招生政策進行過內部調查，也發現了對亞裔申請人存有偏見。但哈佛從未公佈調查結果，也並未對此採取行動。

Harvard, one of the most sought-after and selective universities in the country, admitted only 4.6 percent of its applicants this year. That has led to intense interest in the university’s closely guarded admissions process. Harvard had fought furiously over the last few months to keep secret the documents that were unsealed Friday.

哈佛大學是美國最熱門也最難申請的大學之一，今年僅錄取了4.6％的申請人。這使人們對哈佛嚴格保密的錄取過程充滿好奇。為避免公佈本週五披露的這些材料，哈佛在此前數月進行了激烈的抗爭。

The documents came out as part of a lawsuit charging Harvard with systematically discriminating against Asian-Americans, in violation of civil rights law. The suit says that Harvard imposes what is in effect a soft quota of “racial balancing.” This keeps the numbers of Asian-Americans artificially low, while advancing less qualified white, black and Hispanic applicants, the plaintiffs contend.

此次訴訟指控哈佛大學在制度上歧視亞裔美國人，違反了民權法。訴訟稱哈佛事實上實施了“種族平衡”的軟配額。原告指出，這個制度人為地壓低亞裔學生人數，使資質遜色的白人、黑人和西語裔申請人得到更多錄取機會。

The findings come at a time when issues of race, ethnicity, admission, testing and equal access to education are confronting schools across the country, from selective public high schools like Stuyvesant High School in New York to elite private colleges. Many Ivy League schools, not just Harvard, have had similar ratios of Asian-American, black, white and Hispanic students for years, despite fluctuations in application rates and qualifications, raising questions about how those numbers are arrived at and whether they represent unspoken quotas.

在分析報告被披露的同時，全美各地從紐約史岱文森高中(Stuyvesant High School)等精英公立高中到精英私立大學都面臨種族、入學、考試和教育機會平等之類的問題。不只哈佛大學，很多常春藤盟校多年以來都保持了近似的亞裔、白人、黑人、西語裔學生比例，而每年的申請人數、生源資質其實都有波動，這就讓人要問這樣的比例是怎麼達到的，是否意味著心照不宣的配額制。

Harvard and the group suing it have presented sharply divergent views of what constitutes a fair admissions process.

對於什麼是公平的錄取過程，哈佛大學和提起訴訟的組織表達了截然不同的觀點。

“It turns out that the suspicions of Asian-American alumni, students and applicants were right all along,” the group, Students for Fair Admissions, said in a court document laying out the analysis. “Harvard today engages in the same kind of discrimination and stereotyping that it used to justify quotas on Jewish applicants in the 1920s and 1930s.”

“亞裔校友、在校生和申請人的懷疑原來一直都是對的，”名為“大學生公平錄取”(Students for Fair Admissions)的組織在列出上述分析報告的一份法庭文件中說，“哈佛大學今日持有的歧視與成見，與它在1920、1930年代給猶太申請人設定限額併為之自辯時如出一轍。”

Harvard vigorously disagreed on Friday, saying that its own expert analysis showed no discrimination and that seeking diversity is a valuable part of student selection. The university lashed out at the founder of Students for Fair Admissions, Edward Blum, accusing him of using Harvard to replay a previous challenge to affirmative action in college admissions, Fisher v. the University of Texas at Austin. In its 2016 decision in that case, the Supreme Court ruled that race could be used as one of many factors in admissions.

哈佛大學在週五表示強烈反對，聲稱校方專家的分析顯示並無歧視，而追求多元化是學生錄取的重要一環。哈佛抨擊了“大學生公平錄取”的創始人愛德華·布魯姆（Edward Blum），指責他利用起訴哈佛再次非難大學錄取工作中的積極平權措施，上一次是費舍爾起訴德克薩斯大學奧斯汀分校。2016年最高法院對後者做出裁決，認定種族可以是學生錄取過程中的諸多考慮因素之一。

“Thorough and comprehensive analysis of the data and evidence makes clear that Harvard College does not discriminate against applicants from any group, including Asian-Americans, whose rate of admission has grown 29 percent over the last decade,” Harvard said in a statement. “Mr. Blum and his organization’s incomplete and misleading data analysis paint a dangerously inaccurate picture of Harvard College’s whole-person admissions process by omitting critical data and information factors.”

“全面透徹地分析數據和證據，就能清楚地看到哈佛大學並不歧視任何群體的申請人，包括亞裔，亞裔的錄取比例在過去十年中已經增長了29％，”哈佛大學在一份聲明中說。“布魯姆先生和他的組織片面地、誤導性地分析數據，忽略了關鍵數據和背景信息，對哈佛大學全面評估每個申請人的錄取過程做出了嚴重失實的描繪。”

In court papers, Harvard said that a statistical analysis could not capture the many intangible factors that go into Harvard admissions. Harvard said that the plaintiffs’ expert, Peter Arcidiacono, a Duke University economist, had mined the data to his advantage by taking out applicants who were favored because they were legacies, athletes, the children of staff and the like, including Asian-Americans. In response, the plaintiffs said their expert had factored out these applicants because he wanted to look at the pure effect of race on admissions, unclouded by other factors.

在法庭文件中，哈佛大學稱，統計分析看不到哈佛錄取工作中涉及的許多無形因素。哈佛聲稱原告方專家、杜克大學經濟學家彼得·阿奇迪亞科諾(Peter Arcidiacono)為有利的結論歪曲數據，篩掉了因校友子女、運動員、教工子弟等身份而受惠的申請人，這其中也有亞裔。原告方對此辯稱，專家剔除這些申請人是希望排除其他影響因素，單純著眼於種族對學生錄取的影響。

Both sides filed papers Friday asking for summary judgment, an immediate ruling in their favor. If the judge denies those requests, as is likely, a trial has been scheduled for October. If it goes on to the Supreme Court, it could upend decades of affirmative action policies at colleges and universities across the country.

訴訟雙方在週五都提交了文件，要求法庭立即做出有利己方的判決。法官很可能拒絕他們的請求，如果拒絕，案件將在10月進行庭審。如果案件訴至最高法院，可能會推翻全國各地的大學實行了幾十年的平權法案。

Harvard is not the only Ivy League school facing pressure to admit more Asian-American students. Princeton and Cornell and others also have high numbers of Asian-American applicants. Yet their share of Asian-Americans students is comparable with Harvard’s.

除了哈佛之外，其他一些常春藤盟校也面臨著招收更多亞裔美國學生的壓力。普林斯頓、康奈爾等校都有大量亞裔申請人。而這些大學的亞裔學生比例與哈佛相當。

In Friday’s court papers, the plaintiffs describe a shaping process that begins before students even apply, when Harvard buys data about PSAT scores and G.P.A.s, according to the plaintiffs’ motion. It is well documented that these scores vary by race.

在週五的法庭文件中，原告方提出的一項動議裡描述了哈佛大學這種歧視的形成過程，在學生還沒開始申請、哈佛購買PSAT（學業能向初測）分數和GPA（成績平均績點）等數據時，這個過程就開始了。文件充分論證了這些分數因種族而異。

The plaintiffs’ analysis was based on data extracted from the records of more than 160,000 applicants who applied for admission over six cycles from 2000 to 2015.

原告報告中的數據取自2000年至2015年間六個招生週期中超過16萬名申請人的檔案。

They compare Harvard’s treatment of Asian-Americans with its well-documented campaign to reduce the growing number of Jews being admitted to Harvard in the 1920s. Until then, applicants had been admitted on academic merit. To avoid adopting a blatant quota system, Harvard introduced subjective criteria like character, personality and promise. The plaintiffs call this the “original sin of holistic admissions.”

哈佛大學在1920年代為控制越來越多的猶太學生人數所採取的措施得到了詳盡記載，原告方把哈佛對待亞裔的措施與之進行了比較。在那之前，錄取只依據申請人的學業能力。為了不讓配額制太明顯，哈佛採用了性格、氣質、前途等主觀性評估標準。原告方稱之為“全面入學評估的原罪”。

They argue that the same character-based system is being used now to hold the proportion of Asian-Americans at Harvard to roughly 20 percent year after year, except for minor increases, they say, spurred by litigation.

原告方認為哈佛現在用同樣的基於性格的錄取評估制度，年復一年地把亞裔學生比例控制在20%左右，除了訴訟帶來過幾次微小的增長。

White applicants would be most hurt if Asian-American admissions rose, the plaintiffs said.

他們認為錄取更多亞裔對白人申請者最為不利。

On summary sheets, Asian-American applicants were much more likely than other races to be described as “standard strong,” meaning lacking special qualities that would warrant admission, even though they were more academically qualified, the plaintiffs said. They were 25 percent more likely than white applicants to receive that rating. They were also described as “busy and bright” in their admissions files, the plaintiffs said.

原告方稱，在評估彙總表上亞裔比其他種族的申請人有更大可能得到“一般優秀”的評價，也就是說還缺乏確保錄取的特長，哪怕他們學業資質更優。亞裔獲得這一評價的幾率比白人申請者高出25%。原告方表示，亞裔在錄取評估文件裡還被描述為“忙碌而聰敏”。

One summary sheet comment said the Asian-American applicant would “need to fight it out with many similar” applicants. The plaintiffs’ papers appeared to offer other examples of grudging or derogatory descriptions of Asian applications, but they had been redacted.

彙總表裡的一條評論說，亞裔申請人“需要在與眾多相似申請人的競爭中脫穎而出”。原告方提交的文件中，似乎還有更多對亞裔申請人不情不願或有意貶損的描述，但已作塗黑處理。

In its admissions process, Harvard scores applicants in five categories — “academic,” “extracurricular,” “athletic,” “personal” and “overall.” They are ranked from 1 to 6, with 1 being the best.

錄取過程中哈佛大學對申請人的評估分為“學業”、“課外”、“運動”、“個性”和“綜合”五類。評級從1到6，1級是最好的。

Whites get higher personal ratings than Asian-Americans, with 21.3 percent of white applicants getting a 1 or 2 compared to 17.6 percent of Asian-Americans, according to the plaintiffs’ analysis.

據原告方的分析報告，白人申請者在個性上得到的評價高於亞裔，21.3%的白人得到1級或2級，而亞裔得到這兩個評級的只有17.6%。

Alumni interviewers give Asian-Americans personal ratings comparable to those of whites. But the admissions office gives them the worst scores of any racial group, often without even meeting them, according to Professor Arcidiacono.

身為校友的面試官給亞裔和白人的個性評分不相上下。但阿奇迪亞科諾說，招生辦公室常常連亞裔申請人的面都沒見就給出了所有種族裡最差的評分。

Harvard said that while admissions officers may not meet the applicants, they can judge their personal qualities based on factors like personal essays and letters of recommendation.

哈佛大學則表示，招生官員有可能並不面見申請人，但他們從申請人的申請陳述以及推薦信等材料也能判斷其個性特質。

Harvard said it was implausible that Harvard’s 40-member admissions committee, some of whom were Asian-Americans, would conclude that Asian-American applicants were less personable than other races.

哈佛大學還表示，哈佛的40人招生委員會——其中一些成員為亞裔——不可能下結論說亞裔比其他族裔的人更難相處。

University officials did concede that its 2013 internal review found that if Harvard considered only academic achievement, the Asian-American share of the class would rise to 43 percent from the actual 19 percent. After accounting for Harvard’s preference for recruited athletes and legacy applicants, the proportion of whites went up, while the share of Asian-Americans fell to 31 percent. Accounting for extracurricular and personal ratings, the share of whites rose again, and Asian-Americans fell to 26 percent.

哈佛大學的官員承認，校方2013年的內部調查發現，如果錄取學生只看學業成績，亞裔學生的比例將從現實中的19％上升到43％。將哈佛優先錄取運動員和校友子女的因素考慮在內，則白人學生比例上升，亞裔比例下降到31％。再算上課外活動及個性的評分，白人的比例就進一步上升，亞裔比例下降到26％。

What brought the Asian-American number down to roughly 18 percent, or about the actual share, was accounting for a category called “demographic,” the study found. This pushed up African-American and Hispanic numbers, while reducing whites and Asian-Americans. The plaintiffs said this meant there was a penalty for being Asian-American.

這項調查發現，把亞裔學生比例降到接近18%或者現有實際水平的，是算上了所謂“人口分佈”的因素。這使非裔和西語裔學生比例提高，壓低了白人和亞裔比例。原告方指出，這就等於是對亞裔身份的一種懲罰。

“Further details (especially around the personal rating) may provide further insight,” Harvard’s internal report said.

哈佛大學的內部報告說：“更多細節（尤其是有關個性評估的）可能會帶來更深入的瞭解。”

But, the plaintiffs said in their motion Friday, there was no further insight, because, “Harvard killed the study and quietly buried the reports.”

但原告方在週五的動議中說，沒有更深入的瞭解了，因為“哈佛終止了研究，悄悄掩藏了研究報告。”

Harvard said that the review was discounted because it was preliminary and incomplete.

哈佛則表示，沒有重視這份內部報告是因為調查還比較初步，不夠完整。

At the end of the admissions process, the class of applicants is fine-tuned through a so-called “lop list,” which includes race. Almost the entire page in which the plaintiffs describe that fine-tuning has been blacked out. Mr. Blum, the founder of Students for Fair Admissions, said Friday that it was “disreputable” of Harvard to complain that information was being taken out of context while at the same time insisting on significant redactions of the evidence.

在錄取工作的最後，申請人的評分會通過所謂的“優先權喪失清單”(lop list)進行微調，過程中也考慮了種族因素。原告方藉以描述這一微調過程的文件幾乎整頁都被塗黑了。“大學生公平錄取”組織的創始人布魯姆在週五表示，哈佛大學一面堅持進行大面積的證據塗黑，一面又抱怨別人的分析對這些信息斷章取義，是“不光彩的”。

In a heavily redacted section, the plaintiffs describe how Harvard and 15 other elite schools share notes about the race of admitted students at a meeting of the Association of Black Admissions and Financial Aid Officers of the Ivy League and Sister Schools every year. The court papers portray them as a sort of secret society of admissions officers exchanging information about race, a sensitive aspect of admissions.

在文件中一處大幅塗黑的部分，原告方描述了在“常春藤聯盟及姊妹校黑人錄取與資助官協會”(Association of Black Admissions and Financial Aid Officers of the Ivy League and Sister Schools)每年的例會上，哈佛怎樣與另外15家精英大學共享錄取學生的種族情況。法庭文件把他們描繪成某種秘密社團，招生官員在其中交換學生的種族信息，這是招生工作中敏感的一面。

Harvard’s class of 2021 is 14.6 percent African-American, 22.2 percent Asian-American, 11.6 percent Hispanic and 2.5 percent Native-American or Pacific Islander, according to Harvard’s website.

哈佛大學網站顯示，哈佛的2021屆學生中14.6%是非裔，22.2%是亞裔，11.6%是西語裔，2.5%是美洲原住民及太平洋島民。