【相關詞彙】
新型冠狀病毒 novel coronavirus / new strain of coronavirus 呼吸道疾病 respiratory diseases禽流感病毒 avian influenza virus密切接觸者 close contacts潛伏期 incubation period
疑似病例 suspected case確診病例 confirmed case得肺炎 get/catch pneumonia接受醫學觀察 under medical observation
流行病學調查 epidemiological investigation病毒爆發 virus outbreak遏制疫情爆發 contain the outbreak嚴格隔離政策 strict isolation policy攜帶病毒 carrying the virus
超級傳染源 superspreader醫療費用報銷 reimbursement for medical expenses 中國大部分地區口罩供應緊張 tight supplies in large areas of China 人傳人 human-to-human transmission醫務人員感染 infection of medical worker
①“冠狀病毒”英文怎麼說？coronavirus 冠狀病毒 =corona+virus 冠狀的+病毒而此次“新型冠狀病毒”的英文是 novel coronavirus這裡的 novel 不是“小說”而是一個形容詞，表示“新型的”比如 a novel feature（新特性）例：
Before this outbreak, six coronaviruses had been identified in humans. Four caused relatively mild cold-like symptoms while the other two, Sars and Middle East respiratory syndrome (Mers), can be fatal.
此次疫情爆發之前，已知的人類冠狀病毒有6種。四種引起相對輕度的類似感冒症狀，而另外兩種——非典和中東呼吸綜合徵(MERS)——可能致命。
coronavirus /kəˈronəvaɪrəs / 冠狀病毒
這個詞，可分解為兩部分：corona：冠狀物 （我們所說的 “日冕” 與 “光圈”，也是這個詞）virus：病毒
Now，the fatal infectious disease caused by "Coronavirus" is called as "Chinese Pneumonia" on the Internet.現在，由於“冠狀病毒”所引起的致命性傳染病，在網絡上被稱之為“中國肺炎”。
fatal /ˈfeɪtl / ：a. 致命的；毀滅性的；災難性的 （對於目前的狀況來看，這的確是很喪的一個詞兒！）
infectious disease/ ɪnˈfekʃəs dɪˈziːz / ：傳染病infectious /ɪnˈfekʃəs /：a.傳染的 由 infect （v. 傳染；感染）+ ious（形容詞後綴）構成infect / ɪnˈfekt /：v. 傳染；感染 由 in （進入，使。。。）+ fect （做） 構成 ——咱可以想一下兒：傳染或感染，不正是有害物質或病毒，侵入體內，對健康的肌體做壞事兒——進行破壞嗎？infection / ɪnˈfekʃn /：n. 傳染 由 infect + -ion （名詞後綴）構成
pneumonia / nuˈmoʊnɪə / n. 肺炎這個詞，是由 pneumon- （肺）+ -ia （疾病名詞後綴）構成
冠狀病毒通常通過以下途徑傳播
1. the air by coughing and sneezing
經由空氣傳播，比如咳嗽、打噴嚏
2. close personal contact, such as touching or shaking hands
通過人與人之間的近距離接觸傳播，比如觸摸或者握手
3. touching an object or surface with the virus on it, then touching your mouth, nose, or eyes before washing your hands
通過觸摸物品或感染病毒的用品表面傳播，原因在於沒洗手就觸摸嘴、鼻和眼睛
4. rarely, fecal contamination
還有一種比較少見的，就是通過糞便傳染
②如何預防“冠狀病毒”1. Clean hands with soap and water or alcohol-based hand rub.用肥皂或者用含酒精的洗手液洗手。
2. Cover nose and mouth when coughing and sneezing with tissue or flexed elbow.咳嗽或打噴嚏時，用面巾紙或屈肘捂住口鼻。
3. Avoid close contact with anyone with cold or flu-like symptoms.避免跟有感冒或流感症狀的人密切接觸。
4. Thoroughly cook meat and eggs.將肉類和雞蛋徹底煮熟。
5. Avoid unprotected contact with live wild or farm animals. 避免在未加防護的情況下接觸野生動物或家畜。
③外媒相關報道
1. 什麼是冠狀病毒？What is a coronavirus? Coronaviruses are a large group of viruses that are common among animals. In rare cases, they are what scientists call zoonotic, meaning they can betransmitted (傳播，動詞) from animals to humans, according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
冠狀病毒是一大類常見於動物的病毒的總稱。
據美國疾病控制和預防中心稱，在極少數情況下，科學家稱之為“人畜共患疾病”，這意味著它們可以從動物傳染給人類。
2. 冠狀病毒症狀
Coronavirus symptomsThe viruses can make people sick, usually with a mild to moderate upper respiratory tract (上呼吸道) illness, similar to a common cold. For those with a weakened immune system, the elderly and the very young, there's a chance the virus could cause a lower, and much more serious, respiratory tract illness like a pneumonia (肺炎) or bronchitis (支氣管炎).There are a handful of human coronaviruses that are known to be deadly (致命的), such as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and SARS (Severe acute respiratory syndrome).The Wuhan coronavirus is currently thought to be more mild than SARS and MERS and takes longer to develop symptoms. Patients to date have typically experienced a mild cough for a week followed by shortness of breath (呼吸急促). So far, around 15% to 20% of cases have become severe, requiring, for example, ventilation in the hospital.
通常表現為輕中度上呼吸道疾病，症狀類似於普通感冒。對於免疫力較弱的老年人和兒童，病毒有可能導致更嚴重的下部呼吸道疾病，如肺炎或支氣管炎。
有些冠狀病毒是致命的，如中東呼吸綜合徵（MERS）和SARS。
目前認為，武漢冠狀病毒相較SARS和MERS更為溫和，潛伏時間更長。到目前為止，患者通常在一週內出現輕微咳嗽，隨後出現呼吸急促症狀。目前，大約15%到20%的病例病情出現惡化情況，需要入院並接受呼吸機治療。
3. 傳播途徑How it spreadsViruses can spread from human contact (接觸) with animals.
When it comes to human-to-human transmission (傳播，名詞) of the viruses, often it happens when someone comes into contact with an infected person's secretions (分泌物), such as droplets (小水滴，飛沫) in a cough.Depending on how virulent the virus is, a cough, sneeze or handshake could causeexposure (暴露，接觸). The virus can also be transmitted by touching something an infected person has touched and then touching your mouth, nose or eyes.
病毒可通過人類與動物的接觸傳播。
病毒在人與人之間傳播時，通常發生在接觸到感染者的分泌物時，例如咳嗽時的飛沫。
根據病毒的毒力，咳嗽、打噴嚏或握手都可能導致暴露。這種病毒也可以通過觸摸被感染者觸摸過的東西，然後觸摸嘴、鼻子或眼睛來傳播。
4. 感染人群Who is affected?MERS, SARS and the Wuhan coronavirus appear to cause more severe disease in older people, though uncertainty remains around the latest outbreak (爆發). Of the cases of Wuhan coronavirus reported so far, none are yet confirmed to be among children. The average age is people 40 or over.
儘管最近的武漢冠狀病毒疫情仍不確定，但MERS、SARS和武漢冠狀病毒似乎在老年人中會引起更嚴重的症狀。在迄今報道的武漢冠狀病毒病例中，尚未證實有兒童感染。感染者平均年齡在40歲以上。
5.冠狀病毒感染的治療Coronavirus treatmentThere is no specific treatment, but research is underway. Most of the time, symptoms willgo away on their own (自行消失) and experts advise seeking care early. If symptoms feel worse than a standard cold, see your doctor.Doctors can relieve (緩解) symptoms by prescribing (開處方) a pain or fever medication.
目前還沒有具體的治療方法，但研究仍在進行中。多數情況下症狀會自行消失，但專家建議儘早尋求治療。如果症狀比標準感冒更嚴重，請看醫生。
醫生可以通過開止痛藥或退燒藥來緩解症狀。
6.武漢新型冠狀病毒嚴重程度Should you worry about the Wuhan coronavirus？The Wuhan coronavirus fatality rate (致死率) is lower than for SARS and MERS, but stillcomparable (相當) to the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic (大流行病). The fatality rate is likely to be lower due to an "iceberg" of milder cases we are yet to find.
武漢冠狀病毒死亡率低於SARS和MERS，但仍與1918年西班牙流感大流行相當。真實的病死率可能會更低，因為可能有大量較輕病例尚未發現。
7.如何預防How can you can prevent it?You may be able to reduce your risk of infection (感染) by avoiding people who are sick. Try to avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth. Wash your hands often with soap and water and for at least 20 seconds.Awareness is key. If you are sick and have reason to believe it may be the Wuhan coronavirus due to travel to the region or coming into contact with someone who has been there, you should let a health care provider know and seek treatment early.Cover your mouth and nose when you cough or sneeze, and disinfect (消毒) the objects and surfaces you touch.
可以通過避開病人來降低感染的風險。儘量避免觸摸眼睛、鼻子和嘴巴。經常用肥皂洗手，每次洗手至少20秒的時間。
預防意識是關鍵。如果你前往過武漢或與曾去過那裡的人接觸，有理由懷疑自己感染了武漢冠狀病毒，應報告醫療機構並儘早尋求治療。
咳嗽或噴嚏時捂住口鼻，並對觸摸的物體和表面進行消毒。
WHO declares COVID-19 a andemic
Some coronavirus deaths misdiagnosed as influenza in US, CDC official says
As the World Health Organization declared the novel coronavirus pneumonia outbreak a global pandemic, countries around the world were called on to step up their efforts to combat the disease.
Meanwhile, the head of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said that some coronavirus deaths had been misdiagnosed as influenza in the US, suggesting that the virus has probably existed in the United States for some time.
Novel coronavirus pneumonia, which the WHO has named COVID-19, has spread to at least 118 countries and infected more than 125,000 people globally as of Thursday, according to WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus. Over the last two weeks, the number of cases outside China has increased 13-fold and the number of affected countries has tripled, the WHO announced at a news conference in Geneva on Wednesday.
Tedros said that the organization expects to see the number of cases, deaths and affected countries climb even higher in the days and weeks ahead.
"All countries can still change the course of this pandemic. If countries detect, test, treat, isolate, trace and mobilize their people in the response," said the WHO director-general. "We are deeply concerned by the alarming levels of spread and severity and by the alarming levels of inaction."
The WHO website defines a pandemic as "the worldwide spread of a new disease". It's the first time the WHO has called an outbreak a pandemic since H1N1 "swine flu" in 2009.
In a US House of Representatives hearing on the COVID-19 outbreak on Wednesday, Robert Redfield, director of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, said that some COVID-19 deaths have been misdiagnosed as influenza in the US.
Redfield was speaking in response to Representative Harley Rouda's question of whether such a misdiagnosis were possible in the US.
"The standard practice is the first thing you do is test for influenza, so if they had influenza they would be positive," Redfield said, adding that there has been "a surveillance system of deaths from pneumonia, that the CDC has; it's not in every city, every state, every hospital".
Since the outbreak started, some Western politicians and media have labeled COVID-19 as the "China virus" and stigmatize the global fight against COVID-19. In response, Redfield said that it was wrong to refer to the novel coronavirus as a "Chinese coronavirus", slamming the use of the term as racist and xenophobic.
At a news conference on Thursday, Foreign Ministry spokesman Geng Shuang said that since the outbreak of COVID-19, the Chinese government has taken the most comprehensive, thorough and rigorous prevention and control measures and waged a resolute fight against the epidemic.
"China's fight against the virus is an important part of the global containment," Geng said. "In the next step, China is ready to continue to maintain the domestic prevention and control efforts while at the same time making contributions to the global fight against the virus."
Geng also said that the origin of the virus is a scientific issue that requires professional and scientific evidence. He said the international community should work together instead of blaming each other, which is thoroughly unconstructive.
After downplaying the threat of the virus for days, US President Donald Trump announced Wednesday night in an Oval Office address that he is sharply restricting European passenger travel to the US and moving to ease the pandemic's economic costs.
In the address, Trump seemed to be blaming Europe for the increased novel coronavirus caseload in the US.
"To keep new cases from entering our shores, we will be suspending all travel from Europe to the United States for the next 30 days," Trump said, adding that the new rules will take effect on Friday at midnight.
The US president also said there will be exemptions for US citizens who have undergone screenings and that the travel restrictions do not apply to the United Kingdom.
Because of their quickly climbing COVID-19 case numbers, the US and Europe are coming to be seen as the new epicenter of the pandemic. According to the WHO, Italy had 10,149 confirmed cases as of Wednesday. By Wednesday, there had been more than 1,100 confirmed infections in the US and 32 deaths, according to a tally by Johns Hopkins University.
China reported a record low of just 15 new cases on Thursday and three-fourths of its infected patients have recovered.
The NBA became the first major US sports league to suspend play until further notice after a Utah Jazz player tested positive for coronavirus. In Italy, soccer club Juventus said defender Daniele Rugani tested positive. Actor Tom Hanks and his wife Rita Wilson said they had the virus. He had been working in Australia when they felt ill with slight fevers, his statement said.
Officials in Seattle announced that public schools would close for about 53,000 students and large gatherings were banned in San Francisco and in Washington state, the hardest-hit US state, with 29 deaths.
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