Although Friedmann found only one, there are in fact three different kinds of models that obey Friedmann’s two fundamental assumptions. In the first kind (which Friedmann found) the universe is expanding sufficiently slowly that the gravitational attraction between the different galaxies causes the expansion to slow down and eventually to stop. The galaxies then start to move toward each other and the universe contracts. Fig. 3.2 shows how the distance between two neighboring galaxies changes as time increases. It starts at zero, increases to a maximum, and then decreases to zero again. In the second kind of solution, the universe is expanding so rapidly that the gravitational attraction can never stop it, though it does slow it down a bit. Fig. 3.3 Shows the Separation between neighboring galaxies in this model. It starts at zero and eventually the galaxies are moving apart at a steady speed.
Finally, there is a third kind of solution, in which the universe is expanding only just fast enough to avoid recollapse. In this case the separation, shown in Fig. 3.4, also starts at zero and increases forever. However, the speed at which the galaxies are moving apart gets smaller and smaller, although it never quite reaches zero.
A remarkable feature of the first kind of Friedmann model is that in it the universe is not infinite in space, but neither does space have any boundary. Gravity is so strong that space is bent round onto itself, making it rather like the surface of the earth. If one keeps traveling in a certain direction on the surface of the earth, one never comes up against an impassable barrier or falls over the edge, but eventually comes back to where one started.
In the first kind of Friedmann model, space is just like this, but with three dimensions instead of two for the earth’s surface. The fourth dimension, time, is also finite in extent, but it is like a line with two ends or boundaries, a beginning and an end. We shall see later that when one combines general relativity with the uncertainty principle of quantum mechanics, it is possible for both space and time to be finite without any edges or boundaries.
Recollapse 再坍塌
虽然弗利德曼只找到一个模型，其实满足他的两个基本假设的共有三种模型。在第一种模型（即弗利德曼找到的）中，宇宙膨胀得足够慢，以至于在不同星系之间的引力使膨胀变慢下来，并最终使之停止。然后星系开始相互靠近，宇宙开始收缩。图3.2表示随时间增加两个邻近的星系的距离的变化。刚开始时距离为零，接着它增长到最大值，然后又减小到零；在第二类解中，宇宙膨胀得如此之快，以至于引力虽然能使之缓慢一些，却永远不能使之停止。图3.3表示此模型中的邻近星系的距离随时间的变化。刚开始时距离为零，最后星系以稳恒的速度相互离开；最后，还有第三类解，宇宙的膨胀快到足以刚好避免坍缩。正如图3.4所示，星系的距离从零开始，然后永远增大。然而，虽然星系分开的速度永远不会变为零，这速度却越变越小。
第一类弗利德曼模型的异特点是，宇宙在空间上不是无限的，并且是没有边界的。引力是如此之强，以至于空间被折弯而又绕回到自身，使之相当像地球的表面。如果一个人在地球的表面上沿着一定的方向不停地旅行，他将永远不会遇到一个不可超越的障碍或从边缘掉下去，而是最终走到他出发的那一点。
第一类弗利德曼模型中的空间正与此非常相像，只不过地球表面是二维的，而它是三维的罢了。第四维时间的范围也是有限的，然而它像一根有两个端点或边界即开端和终端的线。以后我们会看到，当人们将广义相对论和量子力学的测不准原理结合在一起时，就可能使空间和时间都成为有限的、但却没有任何边缘或边界。
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