廣州廣州，這個如此熟悉的名字，你知道它是怎麼來的嗎？在廣州的成長曆史中，曾被賦予過很多名字，你知道幾個呢？
今天不如和絲路君去了解下廣州城名稱的演變歷程，看看它有幾個曾用名~
百越民族主要分佈示意圖
Back to 9 BC in the Zhou Dynasty, ancient Chinese who lived in coastal area of South China or the south of the Five Ridges(Lingnan) were known as Yue(越) people.
早在公元前九世紀的周代，廣州地區被稱為“百越”。這裡的“百越”人和長江中游的楚國人已有來往，建有“楚庭”。
現越秀山上有清代建的一座石牌坊，坊上書寫“古之楚庭”。這裡的楚庭，是廣州最早的名稱。
越秀山上的“古之楚庭”牌坊
They built relationship with the state of Chu in the middle reaches of Yangtze River, and built Chuting(楚庭), which was the earliest name of Guangzhou city. Today a memorial gateway lying on the Yuexiu Hill still reads four Chinese characters“古之楚庭”(Ancient Chuting).
秦始皇三十三年（公元前214年）平定嶺南後，在嶺南地區設置南海、象郡、桂林三郡。南海郡含今大部分廣東省，郡治番禺，首任郡尉任囂。
秦朝版圖
任囂在番山、禺山上（今中山四路倉邊路附近，廣州倉邊路以西的古番山和禺山上）修築了最早的廣州城—
番禺城（史稱任囂城）。這城規模較小，其位置在今中山四路北面舊倉巷以西一帶的高地，約是今文德路、北京路向北延伸線一帶。In 241 BC, the First Emperor of Qin united China and established in Lingnan three new commanderies (jun郡) —Guilin, Xiangjun and Nanhai. Ren Xiao, the first governor of Nanhai, built a city on Pan and Yu hills. Hence the city got its name—Panyu (present-day Guangzhou), situated on the highlands between today's Zhongshan Si Lu and Cangbian Lu. With Panyu as administrative center, Nanhai administered most part of present-day Guangdong province.
宋代詩人方信儒有詩《任囂城》道：五星自是漢家符，忍見任囂亦太愚。今日朝臺猶百尺，荒城不記舊規模。
南越國初期疆域圖
繼任囂當南海尉不久後建立南越國的趙佗，執政後把任囂城擴大為周長十里的大城，俗稱
“越城”或“趙佗城”。其實趙佗城與任囂城原名均應是番禺城。後存在93年的南越國在漢武帝元鼎六年（公元前111年）被滅，漢軍火焚南越王宮苑，番禺城遂破敗。
Then Zhao Tuo, general of Qin, established the Nanyue Kingdom, with Panyu as the capital city. The city was expanded into a large city with a circumference of ten miles during this historical period and thrived in terms of culture and foreign trade as the sea routes developed.
到東漢末期全國分十三個州：司隸、豫州、冀州、兗州、徐州、青州、荊州、揚州、益州、涼州、幷州、交州、幽州。
建安八年(公元203年)，因“張津為刺史，士燮為交趾太守，共表立為州，乃拜津為交州牧”，至此交趾刺史部始稱交州 ，治龍編(今越南北寧)，轄今兩廣及越南中北部。
東漢交州轄郡示意圖
In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, China was divided into 13 prefectures (zhou州). Panyu was included in Jiaozhou which had jurisdiction over today’s Guangdong province, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (GZAR) and the north-central Vietnam.
建安十五年（210年），交州刺史步騭到番禺視察，認為番禺農業、商業發達，地勢更利於發展，於是在建安二十二年（217年）把交州郡治遷回番禺，擴大城池，後稱為“步騭城”。
步騭城想象圖
In 217, Jiaozhou’s administrative center was relocated from Longbian (present-day Bac Ninh Province of Vietnam) to Panyu by Bu Zhi, then prefectural governor of Jiaozhou, as he considered Panyu enjoyed greater advantages in geographical location, agriculture and commerce. Under Bu Zhi’s effective governance, Panyu city was further expanded and developed and local people hailed it as Bu Zhi city.
三國時期，嶺南歸屬吳國。吳黃武五年（226年），吳國將南嶺以南諸郡以今天廣西北海市合浦為界，以北廣州，以南為交州，廣州治番禺，廣州之名也由此開始。
不過，當時的廣州已包括瞭如今廣東和廣西的大部分地區。晉代，廣州複稱南海郡，南朝時仍設置廣州，治所番禺。
三國鼎立形勢圖
By the Three Kingdoms Period ( 220-280) , Lingnan was under control of the state of Wu(229 - 280) and was separated into two prefectures——Jiaozhou and Guangzhou. The name of Guangzhou has ascended on the history stage since then. With Panyu as its administrative center, Guangzhou administered nowadays Guangdong province and most part of GZAR.
隋開皇九年(589年)改置廣州總管府，仁壽元年(601年)改稱番州，大業三年(607年)改為南海郡。
唐代中期地方實行道、州、縣三級制，同時出現了新的二級行政區--府。唐武德七年(624年)設廣州都督府，天寶元年(742年)復改南海郡，乾元元年(758年)復改廣州都督府。
唐朝時期復改南海郡
During Sui and Tang dynasties, Guangzhou was known as Guangzhou Zongguan Fu( the general prefecture總管府) and Guangzhou Dudu Fu (the institution of the Area Command都督府) respectively.
廣州是嶺南道的道治與廣州都督府治所在地，行政界線南至寶安、中山，北至清遠， 西至四會、懷集，面積約4.2萬平方公里。
In particular, Guangzhou Dudu Fu, with a total area of 42,000 square kilometers, was the administrative center of Lingnan Dao (道circuit or province). During this period, Guangzhou not only expanded its urban area, but also became the largest port in China due to its prosperous maritime trade.
這一時期的廣州，不僅城市面積有所擴大，繁榮的海貿，也讓其成為當時中國第一大港、世界著名的東方港市。專供外國人居住的“蕃坊”，在今廣州光塔路懷聖寺一帶，也大約在這一時期出現。
後梁貞明三年（917年），接替其兄劉隱任清海軍節度使的劉巖割據嶺南，建立大越國，次年十一月改國號為漢，史稱南漢。
劉巖稱帝后，把廣州改名興王府，為南漢國首府，並作了規模空前的都城建設，為古廣州城建史上寫下重要的一頁。
南漢國疆域圖
In 917, Liu Yan established the Southern Han Dynasty in Lingnan, with Guangzhou as its capital city. The emperor renamed the city Xingwang Fu, and greatly promoted the city's infrastructure construction, being a new chapter in the history of Guangzhou. Then the name of Xingwang Fu was abandoned as the Southern Han Dynasty perished in 971.
宋朝於開寶四年（971年）滅南漢後，興王府複名廣州（以後一直沿用）。
為了統治的便利，宋代還把全國分為若干路，嶺南地區則被分成廣南東路和廣南西路，廣州為廣南東路（簡稱廣東，廣東省之稱自此開始）的治地。
北宋時期行政區劃圖
Later the Song Dynasty enforced the circuit (lu路)system as the country’s a territorial administrative unit , dividing Lingnan into two areas, namely Guangnan Xi Lu and Guangnan Dong Lu. Guangnan Dong Lu was basically today’s Guangdong, and Guangzhou was once again announced as the administrative center.
Guangzhou kept booming in this period as rulers of Song implemented a series of positive policies to promote productivity.
1370年（明/洪武）廣州府境圖
大明洪武十一年（公元1378年），明朝將元朝的廣州路改為廣州府 ，下領一州：連州（領陽山縣、連山縣）和十五縣（南海縣、番禺縣、順德縣、東莞縣、新安縣、三水縣、增城縣、龍門縣、香山縣、新會縣、新寧縣、從化縣、清遠縣、陽山縣、連山縣）
1685年之後（清/康熙）廣州府輿圖
The Yuan Dynasty "invented" the modern province (xingsheng行省, later sheng省), and the Ming empire inherited it. The names, sizes and locations of the Ming provinces were largely identical to those of modern China. The provinces were divided into supreme prefectures (fu府) and secondary prefectures (zhou州). Therefore, the name of Guangzhou Fu was being used from Ming to Qing Dynasty.
清朝時期，連州升為直隸州（雍正五年（1727年）），將花縣劃給了廣州府。那個時候的廣州府的轄境非常大，幾乎涵蓋整個珠江三角洲。
1647年之後（清/順治）廣州府城郭圖
且清朝廣州府還有一個很有意思的地方：很長時間裡（1757年至1842年），廣州都是中國唯一的通商口岸，所以有很多洋人在活動，他們都問當地人這個城市叫什麼名字？
此圖繪於乾隆十五年（1750年），由西方人John Harris 繪製，現藏香港科技大學。
But what well-worth mentioning here is that Guangzhou served as the only port for foreign trade in China during Qing period, but it was widely known as Canton among westerners.
但是當時廣州城尚無“市”的稱謂，當地人常稱其作“省城”（這個傳統現在還有，粵語區經常有“省港澳”的說法，這裡的“省”指的不是廣東省，而是省城廣州城），所以西方人直接稱作“Canton”，注意，雖然“Canton”的讀音和“廣東”很類似，但這兩者其實沒有關係，“Canton” 源自法語，指的是“鄉區”，後來這個詞被很多國家用了。
1655年（清/順治）荷蘭使團繪製廣州全景圖
According to the book Canton Guide, written by John Glasgow Kerr in 1889, the City of Canton was situated on Pearl River, 90 miles from Hong Kong. It was the Capital of Kwong-tung Province(廣東省), and contained about 1,000,000 inhabitants. On maps published in foreign countries or in English versions published in China, Guangzhou is often accompanied by a parenthesis that says 'Canton'.
一直到1957年漢語拼音方案出臺，全國地名統一用拼音前，廣州城的英文都是“Canton”。
現在雖然廣州的英文是“Guangzhou”，但是“Canton”這個詞還在，如廣府文化節，名為“Canton Festival”；廣交會的英文則延用“Canton Fair”，廣州白雲國際機場的IATA代碼也沿用“Canton”的縮寫“CAN”；2010年落成的廣州塔亦採用“Canton Tower”作為標準譯名。
How exactly the name of Canton came wasn’t recorded clearly, but it does have a marked impact on the history of Guangzhou. Even today, the word of Canton is still used frequently, such as in Canton Fair, Canton Festival and Canton Tower.
1907年（清/光緒）廣東省城內外全圖
Since the beginning of the 20th century, people who work with the Chinese language have designed several systems of phonetic symbols to deal with the fact that Chinese characters do not fully represent their pronunciations.
The "Chinese Phonetic System", abbreviated "pin yin", was first published in 1958. This system has already been adopted by the United Nations and many other international organizations for spelling the Chinese language, and writing personal and place names. Thus, Guangzhou is widely used both inside and outside of China.
1912年（民國元年），國民政府廢廣州府，成立廣東軍政府。
1921年2月15日，廣州市市政廳成立，孫科為第一任市長，是為廣州建市之始。
Source: 廣州文史、《哈佛中國史》、部分圖片根據網絡資源整理，如有侵權，請聯繫刪除
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