We have seen in this chapter how, in less than half a century, man’s view of the universe formed over millennia has been transformed. Hubble’s discovery that the universe was expanding, and the realization of the insignificance of our own planet in the vastness of the universe, were just the starting point. As experimental and theoretical evidence mounted, it became more and more clear that the universe must have had a beginning in time, until in 1970 this was finally proved by Penrose and myself, on the basis of Einstein’s general theory of relativity. That proof showed that general relativity is only an incomplete theory: it cannot tell us how the universe started off, because it predicts that all physical theories, including itself, break down at the beginning of the universe. However, general relativity claims to be only a partial theory, so what the singularity theorems really show is that there must have been a time in the very early universe when the universe was so small that one could no longer ignore the small-scale effects of the other great partial theory of the twentieth century, quantum mechanics. At the start of the 1970s, then, we were forced to turn our search for an understanding of the universe from our theory of the extraordinarily vast to our theory of the extraordinarily tiny. That theory, quantum mechanics, will be described next, before we turn to the efforts to combine the two partial theories into a single quantum theory of gravity.
Mount 积累
Partial 部分的
从这一章我们看到，在不到半个世纪的时间里，人们几千年来形成的关于宇宙的观点被改变了。哈勃关于宇宙膨胀的发现，并意识到我们的行星在茫茫的宇宙中的微不足道，只不过是起点而已。随着实验和理论证据的积累，人们越来越清楚地认识到，宇宙在时间上必须有个开端。直到1970年，在爱因斯坦的广义相对论的基础上，这才被彭罗斯和我所证明。这个证明显示，广义相对论只是一个不完全的理论，它不能告诉我们宇宙是如何开始的。因为它预言，所有包括它自己在内的物理理论都在宇宙的开端失效。然而，广义相对论宣称自己只是一个部分理论，所以点定理真正所显示的是，在极早期宇宙中有过一个时刻，那时宇宙是如此之小，以至于人们不能再不管20世纪另一个伟大的部分理论——量子力学的小尺度效应。20世纪70年代初期，我们被迫从对极其巨大范围的理论研究转到对极其微小范围的理论研究。下面在我们进而努力将这两个部分理论结合成一个单独的量子引力论之前，首先描述量子力学这个理论。
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