高考試卷短文改錯“三年九卷”常考點中涉及的詞形變化考點佔54/90,60%,可見詞尾和詞綴變化規則也是重點考點。
一、詞尾和詞綴 我們把語法要求加後綴的詞形變化叫詞尾, 把派生要求加後綴的詞形變化叫詞綴。從語法的角度來說, 詞形題四種詞類通常有下列七類詞尾變化:
注意:語法詞尾變化有①直接加詞尾, ②雙寫加詞尾, ③去e加詞尾, ④改y為i加詞尾等多種規則, 但記住關鍵的兩條:加-(e)s 不用雙寫, 加-ing不用改y為i.
二、詞尾詞綴考查歸納 “二類八詞五語塊”將詞尾、詞綴用法的考查點歸納為如下圖表:
三、詞尾變化總體規則
1.①重讀閉音節,且以一個②短元音加③一個輔音字母結尾的單詞,在④加元音開頭的後綴(-er, -est, -or, -able, -ing, -ed, -al, -ous, ...)時,⑤要雙寫這個輔音字母再加後綴。如:hopping, offered, referred, hotter, beggar, controlling, travel(l)ing, ...
1) 寫出下列動詞的現在分詞:
putting cutting planning beginning
winning stopping dropping quarreling referring
offering staying watching drooping mopping
2) 寫出下列動詞的過去式、過去分詞:(注意不規則變化)
put-put-put argue-argued-argued spread-spread-spread prefer-preferred-preferred bless-blessed-blessed
calm-calmed-calmed, defend-defended-defended, hide-hid-hidden, chart-charted-charted clap-clapped-clapped
3) 寫出下列形容詞、副詞的比較級和最高級:(注意不規則變化)
big-bigger-biggest, good-better-best, clever-cleverer-cleverest,
interesting-more interesting-most interesting, well-better-best
soon-sooner-soonest, slow-slower-slowest, slowly-more slowly-most slowly,
early-earlier-earliest, easily-more easily-most easily
4) 給下列單詞加後綴(-er, -or, -ar, -y, -en, -ous, -al...),使之成為另一個單詞:
robber, beggar, foggy, muddy, writer
dangerous, wooden, sunny, director, humorous
2. 以①一個元音字母加②一個輔音字母,再③ 加一個不發音的 e(-ce, -ge加 -able除外)結尾的單詞,④加元音字母開頭的後綴(-er, -est, -or, -ing, -ed, -al, -ous, ...),要去 e 再加後綴。例外:likeable, replaceable, peaceable, manageable; courageous;
比較:dying (die), dyeing (dye );starring (v.主演), staring (v. stare盯著看)…
給下列單詞加後綴:
1) 加-ing: prepareing, introduceing, practiceing
2) 加-ly completely, comfortably, separately, widely,
3) 變過去式 hoped, wrote, stared, cared
3.以①輔音字母加 y 結尾的單詞,在②加 –es, -ed, -er, -est, -able, -ous, -age③-ment, -ness, -ly等後綴時,④要改 y 為 i 再加後綴。
1) 寫出比較級、最高級:easy-easier-easiest, sunny-sunnier-sunniest, many-more-most
slowly-more slowly-most slowly, happily-more happily-most happily,
funny-funnier-funniest
2) 注意下列單詞的構成:business, marriage, countries, hurried, angrily, obeyed, destroyed
最後請結合每單元的派生詞去理解、掌握這些規則。