萬古黴素最新指南要點分析和臨床知識點延伸 -- 第四篇

第四篇

萬古黴素最新指南要點分析和臨床知識點延伸

萬古黴素最新指南要點分析和臨床知識點延伸 -- 第四篇

作者

Jingyi Wang, PharmD, University of Cincinnati, College of Pharmacy

Yutong Yang, PharmD candidate, University of Washington, School of Pharmacy

Christine Dai, PharmD candidate, University of Washington, School of Pharmacy

Tracy Zhang, PharmD candidate, The Ohio State University, College of Pharmacy

審核

Zhen Zhang, PharmD, BCPS, RPCCC

翻譯

王 鈺 聯勤保障部隊第九九一醫院

趙甡慧 內蒙古自治區人民醫院

第一篇鏈接:

The new vancomycin guideline and elaborating pearls -- Part I

萬古黴素最新指南要點分析和臨床知識點延伸 -- 第一篇

第二篇鏈接:

The new vancomycin guideline and elaborating pearls -- Part II

萬古黴素最新指南要點分析和臨床知識點延伸 -- 第二篇

第三篇鏈接:

The new vancomycin guideline and elaborating pearls -- Part III

萬古黴素最新指南要點分析和臨床知識點延伸 -- 第三篇

第四篇英文原文:

The new vancomycin guideline and elaborating pearls -- Part IV

06 連續輸液 vs. 間歇輸液

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萬古黴素連續輸液(CI)可以替代間歇輸液(II),因為CI可在更短時間內達到目標血清濃度,讓血清濃度更穩定,更容易進行藥物濃度監測,而AKI的風險更低。

兩種輸液方法的比較研究在2種不同的人群中進行:第一是ICU裡危重感染的成年患者;第二種是門診因骨及關節感染接受抗菌藥物治療(OPTA)的成年患者。

比較兩種輸注方式的研究多數比較了兩種方法的AKI風險和萬古黴素目標血清濃度,然而只有4項研究對比了治療失敗和死亡率。

兩種輸注方式組在測量參數方面存在差異,比如CI組採用穩態濃度,而II組採用谷濃度。

ICU 病人

在一項研究中,比較了萬古黴素CI或者II治療嚴重燒傷患者的死亡率。CI組患者的腎毒性發生率較低(6.7% v.s. 14.8%,p=0.13)。然而,然而當萬古黴素治療非革蘭氏陽性菌引起的敗血症時,CI組死亡率較高(70% v.s. 16.7%,p=0.001)。這可能由疾病治療方案的差異引起,而與給藥方式無關聯 [14]。

一項研究表明,更多的CI組患者在治療期間至少有一次可以達到了萬古黴素的目標濃度 (63.2% vs 44.9%) [15]。

另一項研究發現,當使用AKIN標準來衡量腎毒性時,CI組的腎毒性發生的幾率較低,但發生率仍然較高 (未使用AKIN標準時風險為 4-16% vs 11-19%;使用AKIN標準時風險為 26-28% vs 35-37%) [15, 16, 17, 18, 19]。

OPAT 的病人

在一項比較安全性的研究中,CI組腎毒性的發生較少且發病較晚(P=0.036) [20]。

CI 的劑量考慮

萬古黴素連續輸液的優點:

❗可快速達到目標濃度是ICU患者的理想選擇 [16]。

❗更容易計算AUC和監測穩態濃度。

❗理論上,靜脈輸液的頻率越低,因此導管引起的併發症越少。

但問題和缺點:

❗CI的PK/PD目標值尚未得到驗證。

❗使用與萬古黴素不能配伍的藥物時,需要多條通路/獨立通路 [21,22]。

Clinical Pearls

負荷劑量

負荷劑量的計算:

負荷劑量 = Cp x Vd/F [23]

Cp = 目標血漿濃度

F = 生物利用度,F = IV給藥為1

🔺指南建議根據實際體重使用20-35mg/kg的負荷劑量

🔺一次給藥達到特定血漿藥物濃度水平所需的劑量

🔺負荷劑量取決於患者的Vd

負荷劑量一般用於危重病人或通過CI接受萬古黴素的病人:

🔺藥物必須稀釋,並保證每克需要至少60分鐘進行緩慢輸液(≥1h/1000mg)

🔺維持劑量應在下一個劑量間隔開始

🔺通常根據實際體重計算負荷劑量,並將劑量控制在3000毫克以內,但這並不總是最好的方法

07 特殊人群

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肥胖超重患者

🔸肥胖指體重指數 BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2

🔸基於實際體重計算負荷劑量:20-25 mg/kg,最大劑量為3000 mg。

💮 萬古黴素Vd與實際體重呈非線性關係。與正常體重患者相比,肥胖患者的平體重指數Vd要低得多。因此建議對肥胖患者使用較低的mg/kg負荷劑量。

🔸萬古黴素Vd與實際體重呈非線性關係

🔸初始維持劑量:

💮 肥胖可能與萬古黴素引起腎毒性風險的增加相關,因為使用實際體重計算的維持劑量會導致過度治療性暴露。

💮 Cockcroft-Gault 公式是估算正常體重患者肌酐清除率的常用方法,但在肥胖患者中應用該公式仍存在爭議。

一個針對肥胖患者的群體藥代動力學研究提出了另外一個公式,根據年齡、性別、Scr和校正後的體重來估算萬古黴素清除率(CLv),該公式被指南推薦用於估算每日總維持劑量 [24]。

💮 具體公式如下 [24]:

CLV = 9.656 − 0.078 × AGE − 2.009 × SCR + 1.09 × SEX + 0.04 × TBW^0.75

AGE = 年齡

SCR = 血清肌酐濃度(mg/dL)

SEX = 1 男 0 女

TBW = 總體重(kg)

💮 AUC = (萬古黴素日總劑量)/ CLv

例如: AUC = 500 mg*h/L, CLv = 6 L/h, 每日萬古黴素總劑量 = 500 mg*h/L *6 L/h = 3000 mg/day

💮 經驗性萬古黴素維持劑量通常不超過4500 mg/d

🔸與正常體重患者一樣,肥胖患者的劑量調整和監測以臨床效果、腎功能和血清谷濃度來評估。建議對AUC進行早期頻繁的監測,以進行劑量調整,特別是當經驗性劑量超過4,000 mg/d時。

萬古黴素最新指南要點分析和臨床知識點延伸 -- 第四篇

五 條

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