轉發自《光明網》
Call the moving company, Washington's picking up the tab.
據美國媒體《福布斯》報道，近日，美國白宮國家經濟委員會主任拉里·庫德洛，公開呼籲美國企業撤離中國，並表示，疫情後期，將會採取措施改變美國對中國過度依賴的關係。
Kudlow told one of the people in attendance, who had asked about America's over-reliance on China, what could be done to change the commercial relationship post-pandemic.
美國對中國過度依賴? 雖然拉里·庫德洛沒能解釋憑什麼得出這樣的結論，但他“願意支付美企離華的搬家費”這句話，吸引了很多媒體的關注。
美企反應如何呢？據路透社17日報道，最新的調查顯示，大多數在華美企並沒有因為疫情產生撤離中國的計劃。
一個多月前，美國貿易代表批准豁免美國智能手錶（Apple Watch）進口關稅。蘋果申請豁免的原因側面解釋了為何“搬家費”難起作用。
蘋果表示，該公司在中國以外的確找不到能滿足需求的生產地。
Apple had argued that it had not found a way to make the watch outside China to meet American demand for the device over the next year.
找到中國的替代者，到底有多難？
庫克：中國很多年前就不是
低勞動力成本國家了
難道這個世界上就沒有比中國勞動力成本更低的國家？其實2017年，在《財富》全球論壇上，蘋果公司CEO蒂姆·庫克就深入解釋過這個問題。
庫克稱，大家對蘋果與中國有一定的誤解或者混淆。
他說，打開iPhone的包裝盒看看背面，你會看到上面寫著 “加利福尼亞蘋果公司設計，中國組裝”。但這張照片並不能揭示蘋果手機今天是如何生產的，也不能解釋為什麼蘋果更喜歡選擇在中國生產。
Take alook at the back of thebox from which you unpacked your iPhone and you'll see this: "Designed by Apple in California Assembled in China."
But as Apple CEO Tim Cook recently pointed out, this picture wouldn't tell the entire story of how aniPhone actually gets made today, nor why Apple prefers to make them in China.
庫克認為：“人們對中國缺乏清晰認知。他們普遍認為，外企來中國是因為中國勞動力成本低。我不確定他們去了中國的哪個地方，但事實是，中國很多年前就不再是低勞動力成本國家了。從供應的角度來看，這並不是來中國的理由。”
There's a confusion about China. Thepopular conception is that companies come to China because of low labor cost.I'm not sure what part of China they go to but the truth is China stopped beingthe low labor cost country many years ago. And that is not the reason to cometo China from a supply point of view.
蘋果公司為什麼選擇“中國製造”？
庫克坦言，青睞中國第一原因是，這裡的一群人。
The number one reason why we like to be in China is the people.
在中國有怎樣一群人，如此難替代呢？
庫克進一步解釋稱，中國擁有大量技能嫻熟的人才。中國有大量在其他地方看不到的技術勞動力。
Cook credits China's vast supply of highly skilled vocational talent."China has an abundance of skilled labor unseen elsewhere,"says Cook.
庫克不斷強調，是人才的量，高技能職業人才的儲備量，集中在一個地區的技能數量和技能類型的量。他舉了一個形象的例子。
“在美國，你可以召開一次模具工程師會議，但我不確定我們是否能把會議室坐滿。在中國，你可以坐滿好幾個足球場。”
In the US you could have a meeting of tooling engineers and I'm not sure we could fill the room. In China you could fill multiple football fields.
在庫克看來，這樣的人才技術儲備量，得益於中國的教育體系。多年的深厚教育積累，才培養出了這樣的人才庫。他認為，這並不是一個別國短期可以彌補、解決的問題。
“這裡的職業專業知識非常非常深厚，我非常讚賞這裡的教育體系，因為他們即使在別人不重視職業技能的時候仍然堅持不懈。現在我認為世界上很多國家已經意識到這是一個關鍵問題，我們必須糾正它。而中國從一開始就認識到了職業技能的重要性。”
The vocational expertiseis very very deep here, and I give the education system a lotof credit for continuing to push on that even when others were de-emphasizing vocational. Now I think many countries in the world have woke up and said this is a key thing and we've got to correct that. China called that right from the beginning.
庫克在2017年《財富》全球論壇上發言 圖：新華社
中國這樣的高職業技能人才儲備庫對蘋果到底有多重要，他講了兩個鮮為人知的細節。
▌一是在硬件生產上
庫克舉了一箇中國供應商的例子，這家公司給蘋果公司生產AirPods等產品，已合作多年。
“當你站在用戶的角度打量AirPods時，你可能會認為它的生產不會那麼難，畢竟它真的很小。但其實AirPods有幾百個零部件，而且音頻質量的精確度——如果不談技術工程——真的很難做到。這需要極高的技術水平。”
When you think aboutAirPods as a user, you might think it couldn't be that hard because it's really small. The AirPods have several hundred components in them, and the level of precision embedded into the audio quality--without getting into really nerdyengineering--it's really hard. And it requires a level of skill that's extremely high.
很多人以為，蘋果簡單地把設計交給供應商，供應商只需要根據參數生產產品。庫克稱，“這種想法是完全不對的。”
And the idea that Apple simply hands overthe design to a company like ICT, which just manufacturers according to spec, is simply untrue, says Cook.
“事情不是設計師設計完（把內容）發給工廠這麼簡單，這聽起來毫無互動性。事實是，與我們產品相關的過程工程和開發流程本身就需要創新。要知道不僅產品需要創新，它的製造方式也需要創新，因為我們想要製造數億的產品量，我們還想要零缺陷的生產水平。”
It's not designed andsent over, that sounds like there's no interaction. The truth is, the process engineering and process development associated with our products requireinnovation in and of itself. Not only the product but the way that it's made, because we want to make things in the scale of hundreds of millions, and wewant the quality level of zero defects.
“數億零缺陷的產品，一直是我們所追求的。而要達到這個目標，需要一種親密無間的夥伴關係，尤其當你想在所擁有的材料類型上挑戰極限的時候，當產品的參數規格要求高度精確的時候。你不能迴避這個問題。這根本行不通。我無法想象那會是什麼樣子。”
That's always what we strive for, andthe way that you get there, particularly when you're pushing the envelope in the type of materials that you have, and the precision that your specificationsare forcing, requires a kind of hand in glove partnership. You don't do it by throwing it over the chasm. It would never work. I can't imagine how that wouldbe.
▌二是在軟件開發上
“最不為人知的是，中國有近200萬應用程序開發者在為iOS應用商店編寫程序。”
庫克介紹稱，這些移動應用程序的創新性世界一流，而其背後的運營者，也都是全球最鼓舞人心、且最具創業精神的人。他們開發的產品不僅在中國銷售，還出口到世界各地。
...the part that'sthe most unknown is there's almost 2 million application developers in China that write apps for the iOS App Store. These are some of the most innovative mobile apps in the world, and the entrepreneurs that run them are some of themost inspiring and entrepreneurial in the world. Those are sold not only here but exported around the world.
庫克表示：“中國的製造業已經邁入了非常先進的階段。所以你會發現，在中國，工匠類的技能、複雜的機器人技術和計算機科學世界交匯在一起。這種交集在任何地方都非常罕見，這種技能對我們的業務非常重要，因為我們喜歡精確和質量水平。”
China has moved into very advanced manufacturing, so you find in China the intersection of craftsman kind ofskill, and sophisticated robotics and the computer science world. That intersection, which is very rare to find anywhere, that kind of skill, is very important to our business because of the precision and quality level that we like.
“ 外國人來中國，大多數關注的都是中國的市場規模。很明顯，在很多領域，中國都是世界上最大的市場。但對我們來說，最吸引我們的是這裡的人的素質。”
The thing that most people focus on if they're a foreigner coming to China is the size of the market, and obviously it's the biggest market in the world inso many areas. But for us, the number one attraction is the quality of the people.
△蘋果在全球的主要組裝廠分佈 圖片來源：路透社
美國公司撤出中國，真能解決美國的問題麼？拉里·庫德洛應該清醒地認識到，中國可不是隻有成本優勢。中國市場和供應鏈優勢非常突出，創新優勢不斷增強，美國公司與中國脫鉤就是選擇錯失機遇。
美國疫情發展到今天，為何一些美國政客還是不明白，世界各國面臨的局面是：合則兩利，鬥則俱傷。
編輯：王瑜付慧敏
實習生：顧貝盈
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來源： 中國日報
