咳嗽反射性暈厥一例
A case report of cough reflex syncope
邱荃 賈娜 何青
Charcot等於1876年首次報道咳嗽反射性暈厥(cough reflex syncope),將一陣連續性劇烈咳嗽後出現的一過性意識完全喪失稱為"喉性眩暈(laryngeal vertigo)"。本病以肥胖男性居多,常患有慢性支氣管炎、慢性阻塞性肺疾病或有哮喘史。患者於劇烈咳嗽後出現暈厥,意識恢復後不留後遺症。一過性意識喪失須與直立性低血壓、心原性暈厥和頸動脈竇綜合徵鑑別,可通過明確的病史採集和檢查加以區別。
1
病例資料
表1 肺功能檢查
注:FEV1:1 s用力呼氣容積;FVC:用力肺活量;PEF:呼氣峰流速
2
討論
暈厥是突然的意識完全喪失,伴姿勢反射消失,但可迅速自發恢復的一種症狀。根據2017年美國心臟協會暈厥評估及管理指南,可將暈厥分為心原性暈厥及非心原性暈厥。非心原性暈厥包括反射性暈厥、直立性低血壓、直立心動過速綜合徵、脫水或大失血等原因觸發的暈厥。其中反射性暈厥包括血管迷走性暈厥、頸動脈竇綜合徵和情境性暈厥。本病例為咳嗽性暈厥,是情境性暈厥的1種。
咳嗽性暈厥目前還未有明確的診斷標準。咳嗽反射性暈厥與許多中樞神經系統綜合徵和心血管疾病相關[11](表2)。根據病史和體檢,除外直立性低血壓,腦電圖有助於排除癲癇可能。24 h動態心電監測及超聲心動圖排除惡性心律失常和心臟結構異常引發的心原性暈厥,頸動脈竇按摩是診斷頸動脈竇綜合徵的有效方法,而直立傾斜試驗和立臥位血壓的測量有助於鑑別神經原性暈厥,還需行胸部CT除外縱隔腫物(甲狀腺腫塊、淋巴瘤等)及心房粘液瘤
[12],並行頭顱磁共振成像排除顱內佔位(腦膜瘤等)[13]等罕見病因。表2 伴發咳嗽反射性暈厥的各種疾病
本例患者的主要臨床症狀是咳嗽後暈厥,並且無慢性阻塞性肺疾病等呼吸系統疾病病史。在通過肺功能檢測排查其潛在病因時,發現支氣管舒張實驗陽性,提示患者咳嗽變異性哮喘診斷。本病例提示,在接診咳嗽反射性暈厥患者時,應提高其咳嗽變異性哮喘的臨床診斷意識,有助於更加有效控制暈厥發作。
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