病例︱咳嗽反射性晕厥

病例︱咳嗽反射性晕厥

咳嗽反射性晕厥一例

A case report of cough reflex syncope

邱荃 贾娜 何青

Charcot等于1876年首次报道咳嗽反射性晕厥(cough reflex syncope),将一阵连续性剧烈咳嗽后出现的一过性意识完全丧失称为"喉性眩晕(laryngeal vertigo)"。本病以肥胖男性居多,常患有慢性支气管炎、慢性阻塞性肺疾病或有哮喘史。患者于剧烈咳嗽后出现晕厥,意识恢复后不留后遗症。一过性意识丧失须与直立性低血压、心原性晕厥和颈动脉窦综合征鉴别,可通过明确的病史采集和检查加以区别。

1

病例资料

表1 肺功能检查

病例︱咳嗽反射性晕厥

注:FEV1:1 s用力呼气容积;FVC:用力肺活量;PEF:呼气峰流速

2

讨论

晕厥是突然的意识完全丧失,伴姿势反射消失,但可迅速自发恢复的一种症状。根据2017年美国心脏协会晕厥评估及管理指南,可将晕厥分为心原性晕厥及非心原性晕厥。非心原性晕厥包括反射性晕厥、直立性低血压、直立心动过速综合征、脱水或大失血等原因触发的晕厥。其中反射性晕厥包括血管迷走性晕厥、颈动脉窦综合征和情境性晕厥。本病例为咳嗽性晕厥,是情境性晕厥的1种。

咳嗽性晕厥目前还未有明确的诊断标准。咳嗽反射性晕厥与许多中枢神经系统综合征和心血管疾病相关[11](表2)。根据病史和体检,除外直立性低血压,脑电图有助于排除癫痫可能。24 h动态心电监测及超声心动图排除恶性心律失常和心脏结构异常引发的心原性晕厥,颈动脉窦按摩是诊断颈动脉窦综合征的有效方法,而直立倾斜试验和立卧位血压的测量有助于鉴别神经原性晕厥,还需行胸部CT除外纵隔肿物(甲状腺肿块、淋巴瘤等)及心房粘液瘤

[12],并行头颅磁共振成像排除颅内占位(脑膜瘤等)[13]等罕见病因。

表2 伴发咳嗽反射性晕厥的各种疾病

病例︱咳嗽反射性晕厥

本例患者的主要临床症状是咳嗽后晕厥,并且无慢性阻塞性肺疾病等呼吸系统疾病病史。在通过肺功能检测排查其潜在病因时,发现支气管舒张实验阳性,提示患者咳嗽变异性哮喘诊断。本病例提示,在接诊咳嗽反射性晕厥患者时,应提高其咳嗽变异性哮喘的临床诊断意识,有助于更加有效控制晕厥发作。

参考文献

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[4]KerrA, EichRH.Cerebral concussion as a cause of cough syncope[J].Arch Intern Med,1961,108:248-252.

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[7]KredietCT, WielingW.Edward P.Sharpey-Schafer was right:evidence for systemic vasodilatation as a mechanism of hypotension in cough syncope[J].Europace,2008,10(4):486-488.

[8]DesserKB, HarrisCL, BenchimolA.Carotid blood velocity during cough studies in man[J].Stroke,1976,7(4):416-418.

[9]BendittDG, SamniahN, PhamS,et al.Effect of cough on heart rate and blood pressure in patients with "cough reflex syncope" [J].Heart Rhythm,2005,2(8):807-813.

[10]DickinsonO, NijjarPS, DetloffBL,et al.Vasodepressor cough syncope masked by sleep apnea-induced asystole[J].J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol,2012,23(9):1024-1027.

[11]DicpinigaitisPV, LimL, FarmakidisC.Cough syncope[J].Respir Med,2014,108(2):244-251.

[12]ChenHY.Recurrent syncope as initial symptom in apical intrathoracic tumor[J].J Clin Med Res,2012,4(1):77-80.

[13]MaznyczkaA, SquireIB.Cough syncope-a diagnosis under pressure[J].Lancet,2010,376(9739):486.

[14]StrickbergerSA, BensonDW, BiaggioniI,et al.AHA/ACCF Scientific Statement on the evaluation of syncope:from the American Heart Association Councils on Clinical Cardiology,Cardiovascular Nursing,Cardiovascular Disease in the Young,and Stroke,and theQuality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group;and the American College of Cardiology Foundation:in collaboration with the Heart Rhythm Society:endorsed by the American Autonomic Society[J].Circulation,2006,113(2):316-327.

病例︱咳嗽反射性晕厥


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