沒有天生的現代主義：20世紀早期的建築代表特徵
No One is Born Modern: The Early Works of 20th Century Architecture Icons
在建築領域中，20世紀的作品大多有著類似的特徵，一般來說，那便是現代主義。這些作品六十年來一直是業內討論的主要話題，因為其中集結了許多關於現代主義背後的各種分歧。
有的人認為，一方面，就其起源來說，現代學校以建築師的建議為基礎，在第一次世界大戰後的歐洲，以一種參與社會的方式來處理社會轉型。而另一方面，一些人認為現代主義建築風格非常關鍵。例如，現代建築以某些明確的特徵為導向，其中既有材質的表達，也有項目的類型，亦或是柯布西耶所謂的新建築的5大基本特徵。另外，也有人認為，現代建築中的設計原則與19世紀中葉的社會生產運動息息相關，例如當時的工藝美術運動。
在當前市面上有許多關於此類運動的解讀，但某些建築師的作品同樣毫無爭議地成為現代建築的代表。其中既有遵循普遍方法策略的設計方式，也有基於特定文脈與背景中心思想的設計措施，例如柯布西耶（Le Corbusier）、密斯·凡·德·羅（Mies van der Rohe）、賴特（Frank Lloyd Wright）、尼邁耶（Oscar Niemeyer）、Lúcio Costa，這些大師被公認為現代主義風格的代表，他們在美國、歐洲、亞洲、巴西都有著代表作品。
但實際上，這些建築師在他們的職業生涯中並沒有一貫地遵循某種風格。每位大師的項目都能代表著對某個歷史時期的發展貢獻，當然，這也與項目背景環境、相關利益者、不同地區的生產狀況，以及國家的發展方略息息相關。因此，瞭解這些作品對於現代建築風格的學習也至關重要。下面來看一些典型案例。
In the ambit of architecture, much of the twentieth century is marked by a production that reads, in general, as modern. The foundations of this work have been the subject of discussion for at least six decades, bringing together conflicting opinions about the true intention behind the modern gestalt.
On the one hand, it is argued that, at its origin, the modern school dealt with a perspective of social transformation based on the proposals of architects with a participatory social aspect of the craft during post-World War I Europe. On the other hand, some opinions frame modern architecture in a stylistic key. For instance, marked by formal characteristics that guide and create a set of production that deals with the expressiveness of materials, the type of design in the projects, and, above all, the consecrated 5 points of Le Corbusier's modern architecture. Moreover, there are also authors who argue that the principle of what would come to be modern architecture is related to the production of mid-19 century movements, such as the Arts and Crafts movement.
In spite of numerous readings about the movement, the work of some architects has become an unquestionable reference within the history of modern architecture. Either by inaugurating methodologies and proposals that guided generations that followed or by the skill and mastery of the management of the central points in question in this specific context of architectural production. Names such as Le Corbusier, Mies van der Rohe, Frank Lloyd Wright, Oscar Niemeyer, and Lúcio Costa have careers recognized in what is considered modern, with iconic designs in the US, Europe, Asia, and Brazil.
Despite this, the truth is that these architects did not have a homogenous style throughout their career. All of them have in their portfolios projects that disclose much of what is usually attributed to their contributions to the history of architecture. This may be related to the very time of maturation of the discourses, specific interests of the authors, in addition to the circumstances of production in each country and the national and international guidelines placed at the time. Also, perhaps to recognize the existence of these differing works is of fundamental importance for understanding influences and references. Learn some of these examples below.
Haus Riehl, Mies van der Rohe. Folkerts Architekten, via Wikimedia. License CC BY 3.0
柏林密斯·凡·德·羅住宅
德國建築師密斯·凡·德·羅是現代主義建築大師，其作品精緻細膩，其名言“少就是多”值得永久品位。其作品的一大特徵就是建築的材質，這位建築師深受1905年起歐洲先鋒主義藝術的影響，同時精通玻璃與鋼的運用，這些材質既沉穩又精緻。
The Mies van der Rohe Houses in Berlin
The German architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe was a champion of the modern architecture strand that implemented the "less is more" mentality with great elegance and forcefulness. In his most recognized projects, in regards to materiality, the expressiveness of his works is thought of in glass and steel. It was to establish a stable characteristic, influenced by the artistic vanguards of Europe from 1905.
Churchill Villa, Mies van der Rohe. Heike Vogt, via Wikimedia. License CC BY 3.0
在其職業生涯的早期，這位建築大師的作品還有著古典主義氣息，而到了後來則愈發具有現代主義特色。早期在柏林時，密斯設計了一系列住宅，而到了1907年，這位當時年僅21歲的建築師開始著手其第一個獨立完成的項目“Haus Riehl”住宅，這座建築至今一直坐落於城市郊區，直到1928年，密斯的作品都有著此類新古典主義特徵。
His professional trajectory is characterized by a neoclassical origin of reference that evolves into an absolutely, modern reference. During his early years in Berlin, Mies van der Rohe designed a series of residences. In 1907, at the age of 21, he performed his first independent work, Haus Riehl, a building that stands to this day and is located on the outskirts of the city. He continued to build neoclassical houses in this style until 1928.
Unity Chapel, Frank Lloyd Wright. Teemu08, via Wikipedia. License CC BY-SA 3.0
George Blossom Residence, Frank Lloyd Wright
賴特的早期作品
美國建築師弗蘭克·勞埃德·賴特在20世紀就擁有所謂的國際主義風格。其作品的特點在於與環境相互呼應，這也是他後來成名之後的一大作品特徵。直到今天，賴特仍然是現代建築風格的代表人物。
然而，其某些早期作品也具有一些歷史影響，例如其自宅和一些位於芝加哥的教堂，還有著名的塔裡艾森項目。
The Early Works of Frank Lloyd Wright
Frank Lloyd Wright was an American architect recognized for his residential projects forming the so-called International Style in the 20 century. His style interacts with its surroundings and is a trademark that continues to influence the work of architects after him. To this day, Wright is an icon of the contemporary architecture.
However, some of his early works also reveal older, historical influences. For example, some of his homes and churches in Chicago and also Taliesin.
Villa Jeanneret-Perret, Le Corbusier. Eveline Perroud, via Wikipedia. License CC BY-SA 3.0
提出“新建築5要點”之前的柯布西耶
柯布西耶也是現代建築的象徵，但其作品中也曾經有著新古典主義的影子。在薩伏伊別墅項目開始之初，這位建築大師提出了“新建築5要點”，這也成為了柯布西耶建築日後發展的方向。
Before Le Corbusier's 5 Points of Architecture
Even Le Corbusier, an icon of modern architecture, incorporated examples of neoclassical allusion into his work. The father of the Five Points of Modern Architecture, beginning with the project of Villa Savoye, is the author of projects that are shown as a counterpoint to what would later be implemented as a guideline for his proposals.
Villa Favre Jacot, Le Corbusier. Elleka, via Wikimedia. License CC BY-SA 3.0
其早期住宅項目位於法國和瑞士，例如Fallet別墅和Jeanneret-Perret別墅（也稱作Maison Blanche），這些作品都明顯受到了新古典主義的影響。
His early residences built in France, especially in his hometown, La Chaux-de-Fonds in Switzerland, such as Villa Fallet and Villa Jeanneret-Perret (also known as Maison Blanche) highlight a neoclassical influence.
Villa Väinölä, Alvar Aalto. Via Pinterest
阿爾瓦·阿爾託
芬蘭建築大師阿爾瓦·阿爾託是現代主義運動中有機形式和自然材質的一大代表。
他的作品形式多變，在設計中，這位建築師總是通過不斷地鑽研來完成設計方案。這也讓其作品各不相同，但是其中的某些作品仍然受到了挪威古典主義風格的影響。
Alvar Aalto
Finnish architect Alvar Aalto has become one of the greatest international references to the Modern Movement in its practice with organic forms and natural materials.
His work was constantly marked by transformations. He relied on intensive research to continue updating his practice. This led to very diverse examples of architecture, some influenced by Norse classicist reference.
Itaipava Castle, Lucio Costa and Fernando Valentim. Marcio Sette, via Wikipedia. License CC BY-SA 3.0
巴西現代主義建築風格的起源
這樣的現象不僅僅發生在北美和歐洲。在巴西，兩位現代主義建築大師同樣有著不同的風格和影響。
The Origins of Brazilian Modern Architecture
This phenomenon did not only occur with North American and European architects. In Brazil, two great modern architects also worked with differing styles and influences.
Francisco Peixoto Residence, Oscar Niemeyer. Pedro Vada
Lúcio Costa在巴西建築和城市規劃歷史上有著諸多代表項目，例如巴西利亞1957年的規劃項目，這便是巴西城市現代化的里程碑。而尼邁耶也在這個規劃項目中起到了重要作用。
而許多人都不瞭解的是，這兩位建築師的項目都有著某些其他建築的影子，尤其是在巴西殖民時期的建築。在尼邁耶的作品中，位於巴西卡塔瓜西斯市的Francisco Peixoto住宅，還有Pampulha綜合體項目以及巴西利亞的其他建築，都有一些非現代元素。而科斯塔的Itaipava Castle項目也具有同樣的特點。
閱讀更多 專築網 的文章
