I’m here to offer you a new way to think about my field,今天來到這裡，是想邀請大家從一個新的角度來看我熟悉的領域：
artificial intelligence.人工智慧。
I think the purpose of AI我認為人工智慧的目的，
is to empower humans with machine intelligence.是要用機器智慧來增強人類的能力。
And as machines get smarter,而隨著機器變得更聰明，
we get smarter.我們也會更聰明。
I call this "humanistic AI" --我稱這個為「人性化人工智慧」──
artificial intelligence designed to meet human needs透過與人工智慧合作並強化人類的設計方式
by collaborating and augmenting people.來滿足人類的需求。
Now, today I’m happy to see如今，我很高興能看到
that the idea of an intelligent assistant智慧助理的這個想法
is mainstream.能成為主流。
It’s the well-accepted metaphor for the interface between humans and AI.這象徵了人類與人工智慧之間的互動介面已被廣泛接受。
And the one I helped create is called Siri.而其中一個我協助創造的就是 Siri。
You know Siri.各位都認識 Siri。
Siri is the thing that knows your intentSiri 會知道你的意圖，
and helps you do it for you,並協助你
helps you get things done.把一切搞定。
But what you might not know is that we designed Siri但各位可能不知道，當初我們在設計 Siri 時，
as humanistic AI,就把它定位在「人性化的人工智慧」，
to augment people with a conversational interface透過對話介面的方式來強化人類，
that made it possible for them to use mobile computing,讓使用行動計算成為可能，
regardless of who they were and their abilities.不論他們是誰、能力如何，都可以使用。
Now for most of us,對我們大多數人而言，
the impact of this technology受到這項技術的影響
is to make things a little bit easier to use.是讓我們在使用東西上變得比較容易。
But for my friend Daniel,但對我朋友丹尼爾而言，
the impact of the AI in these systems is a life changer.卻是改變了他一生的人工智慧系統。
You see, Daniel is a really social guy,丹尼爾是個很愛社交的人，
and he’s blind and quadriplegic,他也是個四肢麻痺的盲人，
which makes it hard to use those devices that we all take for granted.我們認為理所當然的裝置設備，對他來說卻很難用。
The last time I was at his house,his brother said,上次我去他家，他哥哥說：
Hang on a second, Daniel’s not ready.「等等，丹尼爾還沒準備好。
He’s on the phone with a woman he met online."他正在和他線上認識的女生講電話。」
I’m like, "That’s cool, how’d he do it?"我說：「好酷，他怎麼辦到的？」
Well, Daniel uses Siri to manage his own social life --丹尼爾用 Siri 來管理他自己的社交生活──
his email, text and phone --他的電子郵件、訊息、電話──
without depending on his caregivers.不用依賴他的照護者。
This is kind of interesting, right?這挺有趣的，對吧？
The irony here is great.這也相當諷刺。
Here’s the man whose relationship with AI這個人與人工智慧的關係
helps him have relationships with genuine human beings.協助他與真正的人類建立了關係。
And this is humanistic AI.這就是人性化的人工智慧。
Another example with life-changing consequences還有一個可以改變人生結果的例子，
is diagnosing cancer.也就是癌症診斷。
When a doctor suspects cancer,當醫生懷疑你有癌症時，
they take a sample and send it to a pathologist,他們會先取樣交給病理學家，
who looks at it under a microscope.病理學家再利用顯微鏡來看樣本。
Now, pathologists look at hundreds of slides病理學家每天要看數百片的載玻片
and millions of cells every day.及數百萬個細胞。
So to support this task,所以為了支援這項工作，
some researchers made an AI classifier.有幾位研究人員做出了一種人工智慧分類器。
Now, the classifier says,"Is this cancer or is this not cancer?"現在，分類器已經會看著圖片說：
looking at the pictures.「這是不是癌症？」
The classifier was pretty good,分類器挺厲害的，
but not as good as the person,但沒有人類那麼厲害，
who got it right most of the time.人類大部份都能判讀正確。
But when they combine the ability of the machine and the human together,但，當機器與人類的能力結合在一起時，
accuracy went to 99.5 percent.正確率可以達到 99.5%。
Adding that AI to a partnership eliminated 85 percent of the errors加上人工智慧的協作，人類病理學家
that the human pathologist would have made working alone.能減少個人判斷時 85% 的錯誤。
That’s a lot of cancer that would have otherwise gone untreated.這相當多啊，很多癌症患者，當初就是因誤判而耽擱了治療。
Now, for the curious, it turns out人類因為好奇的原因，所以
that the human was better at rejecting false positives,比較擅長判斷錯誤的假陽性案例，
and the machine was better at recognizing those hard-to-spot cases.而機器比較擅長判斷難以辨別的案例。
But the lesson here isn’t about which agent is better但我們學到的並不是
at this image-classification task.在比誰在圖像分類上比較厲害。
Those things are changing every day.那些東西每天都會變。
The lesson here這裡我們學到的是，
is that by combining the abilities of the human and machine,藉由結合人類與機器的能力，
it created a partnership that had superhuman performance.其創造出的合作關係會有超人般的表現。
And that is humanistic AI.而這就是人性化的人工智慧 。
Now let’s look at another example我們再舉個例子，
with turbocharging performance.這方面的進步也是突飛猛進。
This is design.那就是「設計。」
Now, let’s say you’re an engineer.假設你是個工程師，
You want to design a new frame for a drone.你想要設計一個新的無人機骨架。
You get out your favorite software tools, CAD tools,你拿出你最愛的軟體工具，電腦繪圖輔助工具，
and you enter the form and the materials,and then you analyze performance.你輸入了外形和材料，然後按下分析表現。
That gives you one design.它只會跑出一種設計方案。
If you give those same tools to an AI,如果你把這些工具拿給人工智慧使用，
it can generate thousands of designs.它會幫你跑出數千種設計。
This video by Autodesk is amazing.歐特克做的影片非常震撼。
This is real stuff.這是真實案例。
So this transforms how we do design.這改變了我們設計的方式。
The human engineer now現在，人類工程師
says what the design should achieve,只要說出想要達成的設計，
and the machine says,機器就會說：
Here’s the possibilities.「有這些可能性方案。」
Now in her job, the engineer’s job現在，她的工作，工程師的工作，
is to pick the one that best meets the goals of the design,就是選出一種最符合目標的設計，
which she knows as a humanbetter than anyone else,這是她身為人類最擅長的，
using human judgment and expertise.用的就是人類的判斷和專業。
In this case, the winning form在這案例中，脫穎而出的設計
looks kind of like something nature would have designed,像是自然界設計出來的，
minus a few million years of evolution但這樣的設計，不需要幾百萬年的演化
and all that unnecessary fur.也不需有那些皮毛。
Now let’s see where this idea of humanistic AI might lead us我們現在來想想，如果我們跟著人性化人工智慧走，
if we follow it into the speculative beyond.它會把我們帶到那些意想不到的境界？
What’s a kind of augmentation that we would all like to have?我們想要的強化，有哪些方面？
Well, how about cognitive enhancement?認知強化如何？
Instead of asking,別再問：
How smart can we make our machines?「我們能把機器做到多聰明？」
let’s ask我們要改問：
How smart can our machines make us?「我們的機器能把我們變多聰明？」
I mean, take memory for example.我的意思是，例如「記憶力。」
Memory is the foundation of human intelligence.記憶是人類智慧的基礎。
But human memory is famously flawed.但人類的記憶力是出名的差。
We’re great at telling stories,我們很會說故事，
but not getting the details right.但無法把細節說正確。
And our memories -- they decay over time.我們的記憶力會隨時間衰退。
I mean, like, where did the ’60s go, and can I go there, too?就像六十年代去哪了？我也能去那兒嗎？
(Laughter)（笑聲）
But what if you could have a memory that was as good as computer memory,但如果你能擁有和電腦一樣好的記憶力，
and was about your life?而且這些記憶與你的人生有關，那會如何呢？
What if you could remember every person you ever met,如果你能記得你見過的每一個人、
how to pronounce their name,叫得出每一個人的名字、
their family details, their favorite sports,家庭狀況的細節、他們最愛的運動、
the last conversation you had with them?你和他們上次的對話，那會如何呢？
If you had this memory all your life,如果你一生都有這樣的記憶，
you could have the AI look at all the interactions你就可以要求人工智慧去看看你過去
you had with people over time與人們的所有互動，
and help you reflect on the long arc of your relationships.並協助你反思你的人際關係弧線。
What if you could have the AI read everything you’ve ever read如果我們能讓人工智慧去閱讀所有你閱讀過的東西、
and listen to every song you’ve ever heard?去聽你聽過的每首歌，會如何呢？
From the tiniest clue,it could help you retrieve從最微小的線索，它就能協助你找回
anything you’ve ever seen or heard before.你以前看過或聽過的任何東西。
Imagine what that would do for the ability to make new connections想像一樣，那對於
and form new ideas.建立新連結以及產生新點子的能力會有什麼影響。
And what about our bodies?那麼，我們的身體呢？
What if we could remember the consequences of every food we eat,如果我們能記得我們吃過的每樣食物、
every pill we take,每顆藥物、
every all-nighter we pull?記得每次熬夜 K 書的內容，那會如何？
We could do our own science on our own data我們可以用自己的資料來做自己的科學，
about what makes us feel good and stay healthy.找出什麼會讓我們感覺很好並保持健康。
And imagine how this could revolutionize想像一下，這會為我們管理
the way we manage allergies and chronic disease.過敏及慢性病帶來怎樣的革命。
I believe that AI will make personal memory enhancement a reality.我相信，人工智慧能夠實現個人記憶的強化。
I can’t say when or what form factors are involved,我不知道何時或需要那些機緣，
but I think it’s inevitable,但我認為它是一定會到來的，
because the very things that make AI successful today --因為人工智慧在現今能夠成功的原因，
the availability of comprehensive data就是這些綜合性資料的可取得性，
and the ability for machines to make sense of that data --以及機器能從這些資料中理解出意義的能力，
can be applied to the data of our lives.能為我們生活上的資料所用。
And those data are here today,available for all of us,我們現今就已經能夠取得那些資料了，
because we lead digitally mediated lives,因為我們可以直接用手機或上網的方式，
in mobile and online.將我們的生活與數位科技做連結。
In my view, a personal memory is a private memory.依我所見，個人的記憶是私人的記憶。
We get to choose what is and is not recalled and retained.我們可以選擇要或不要，回憶或保留哪些記憶。
It’s absolutely essential that this be kept very secure.保持資料的安全絕對是有必要的。
Now for most of us,對大部份人來說，
the impact of augmented personal memory增強個人記憶希望產生的影響會是：
will be a more improved mental gain,可以獲得心智上的成長
maybe, hopefully, a bit more social grace.或是希望可以有更高雅的社交能力。
But for the millions who suffer from Alzheimer’s and dementia,但對於數百萬受阿茲海默症及痴呆症所苦的人而言，
the difference that augmented memory could make增加記憶能造成的改變，
is a difference between a life of isolation就是讓那孤獨的人生，
and a life of dignity and connection.變成有尊嚴及連結的人生。
We are in the middle of a renaissance in artificial intelligence right now.我們現在正在人工智慧的文藝復興時期當中，
I mean, in just the past few years,僅僅在過去幾年，
we’re beginning to see solutions to AI problems我們就開始看到人工智慧問題的解決方法，
that we have struggled with literally for decades:這在過去數十年來，一直是無法解決的問題，像是：
speech understanding, text understanding,口語理解、文字理解、
image understanding.圖像理解。
We have a choice in how we use this powerful technology.我們可以選擇要如何使用這強大的技術。
We can choose to use AI to automate and compete with us,我們可以選擇用人工智慧來做自動化並與我們競爭、
or we can use AI to augment and collaborate with us,或我們可以選擇用人工智慧來做增強化並與我們合作，
to overcome our cognitive limitations來克服我們的認知限制，
and to help us do what we want to do,並協助我們去做我們想要做的事，
only better.而且做得更好。
And as we discover new ways to give machines intelligence,隨著我們發掘出新的方式來將智慧賦予機器，
we can distribute that intelligence我們可以把那智慧移轉到
to all of the AI assistants in the world,全世界所有的人工智慧助理身上，
and therefore to every person,regardless of circumstance.且不論如何，都要確保每個人都能因此受惠。
And that is why,那就是為什麼
every time a machine gets smarter,每次當機器變更聰明，
we get smarter.我們也會變更聰明。
That is an AI worth spreading.而這就是人工智慧值得推廣的原因。
Thank you.謝謝大家。
(Applause)（掌聲）
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