初中英语语法名词大串讲

初中英语语法名词大串讲

名词属于实词,用以表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。

人:Tom, Lucy, father, mother...

事物:apple, water, computer, accident...

地点:London, New York, school, library...

抽象概念:love, patience, loneliness, ability...

一、名词的分类

1.专有名词

u 人名、机构名:Justin Bieber Taylor Swift Captain America

Mickey Mouse Wang Sicong World Health Organization

u 地名:Beijing Sydney Tokyo China England

the Pacific the Himalayas the Nile River

u 作品名:书名,电影名,歌曲名,报刊名,标题等

The Kite Runner Homeless to Harvard Let It Go New York Times

u 时间(星期、月、季节、节日)

星期:Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday

月: January February March April May June July

August September October November December

季节:Spring Summer Autumn/Fall Winter

Tips:所有词的首字母大写:实词首字母大写,虚词(冠介连)首字母小写

2.普通名词

u 可数名词:有数量,数的清

book-books chair-chairs apple-apples example-examples

u 不可数名词:没有数量,数不清

l 材质类:water,air, tea, beer, juice, air, smoke, wood, bread, glass

beef, chicken, pork, fish, rice, corn, sugar, salt, hair

l 总称类:money,homework, food, furniture

l 抽象类:life, happiness, experience, kindness, knowledge, health,

l 学科类:Chinese, English, math, physics, chemistry, biology, geography, history, politics

u 多义项单词

chicken, 不可数:鸡肉 可数:小鸡

fish(鱼,条数), paper(论文,报纸),glass(玻璃杯), hair(一根),work(作品),advice(建议,通知),exercise(锻炼,练习题、体操),

success(成功,人),life(生活,生命) ,beauty(美,美人),experience(经验,经历),people(人,民族)

二.名词的数

1.可数名词的数

u 单个可数名词的复数:

l 一般名词单数→复数,词尾加s即可

stamp-stamps cup-cups teacher-teachers bed-beds

l 以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词→加es,若词尾为e,只加-s即可

class-classes box-boxes watch-watches brush-brushes

rose-roses bridge-bridges

l 辅音字母加y结尾的名词→去y加ies

baby-babies city-cities factory-factories

boy-boys day-days toy-toys

l 以f或fe结尾的名词→去f或fe加ves

thief-thieves knife-knives half-halves leaf-leaves wife-wives life-lives shelf-shelves wolf-wolves

l 以o结尾的几个特殊名词→加es

tomato-tomatoes potato-potatoes hero-heroes negro-negroes

mango-mangoes volcano-volcanoes

(来自火山的黑人英雄喜欢吃西红柿、土豆和芒果)

另:zoo-zoos radio-radios video-videos

l 不规则变化的名词

A.变内部元音

foot-feet man-men tooth-teeth goose-geese鹅 mouse-mice

child-children ox-oxen(公牛)

B.单复数同行

sheep deer means fish Chinese Japanese

C.外来词

phenomenon-phenomena现象

u 集体名词的复数

l 复数形式的名词(有些集体名词只有复数形式,同时也表示复数意义,做主语时,谓语动词用复数。)

goods商品 clothes服装 trousers裤子 shorts短裤

glasses眼镜 socks短袜 chopsticks筷子

tips:表示一个的时候用a pair of +n; two pairs of +n

l 复数含义的名词(有些集体名词没有形势变化,但有复数意义,谓语动词用

单数。)

police警察 people人们 cattle牛

l 可单可复的集体名词(有些单数名词常以单数形式出现,侧重整体概念,表示单数意义,做主语时谓语单词用单数;如果表示多个这样的整体,则有复数变化形式,做主语时谓语用复数;若侧重整体中的成员,表复数意义,做主语时谓语用复数。)

family家庭 army陆军部队 audience观众 government政府 public公众 population人口

u 合成名词的复数

woman teacher→women teachers

Englishman→Englishmen policeman→policemen

grown-up→grown-ups passer-by→passers-by

brother-in-law→brothers-in-law

u 具有两种复数形式的名词

penny→pence(面值:便士)/pennies(个数:几个便士)

fish→fish(鱼:条数)/fishes(鱼:种类)

Help yourself to some fish. There are two different fishes.

people→people(人,人们)/peoples(民族)

China is a country made of 56 peoples/nationalities.

2.不可数名词的数

物质名词、抽象名词往往不能用具体的数字来表示,通常被看作不可数名词;专有名词往往单指一个人或一个数,因此没必要用具体的数字来修饰,一般也是不可数名词,谓语单词用单数;但是,在不同的语境下,有些不可数名词也可以转化为可数名词。

u 物质名词的数

tea-a tea/two teas a cup of tea/water→ two cups of tea

beer-a beer/two beers coffee-a coffee glass-a glass a glass of water

three pieces of bread, a piece of news/wood/paper/

rain-rains多场雨 winds多场风 sands沙堆 glasses眼镜 snows多场雪

waters大片水域 woods树林 foods各种食物

u 抽象名词的数

a pity Life is full of pities a pleasure pleasures a success a failure a surprise a worry a beauty

u 专有名词的数

专有名词一般视为不可数名词,表示具体意义,指一个,一只时也可用作可数名词,前面有a/an;也可有复数形式。

A Dick is asking to see you.

People from all walks of life are working hard for a new Shandong.

There are 3 Marys in my class.

三.名词的格

名词的格分为主格、宾格和所有格。名词的主格和宾格相同,一般就是名词本身。名词的所属格是表示名词的所属关系的形式,所有格的构成有以下三种形式:1.-’s所有格

u 形式:一般情况下,在词尾直接加-’s;以s结尾的复数直接在词尾加-’

Tom's Mary's Philip's Dick's Bob's;children's time men's clothes

Parents' hope factories' workers

u 用法:

l 两人或多人共用一个人或事物时,只变化最后一个名词的词尾,如果是各自所有则每个名词都要变化

John and Susan's father

Japan's and America's problems

l 表时间、节日、距离、国家、地点、自然现象等无生命的名词常用-’s所有格

two days' trip today's newspaper

Children's Day Teachers' Day

two hours' walk ten minutes' drive

China's weather India's problem

the city's parks Beijing's streets

the earth's atmosphere the moon's light

the world's people the cat's feeling

l 有时避免重复,如果被-’所修饰的名词上文提到过,下文还提到,则可以省略后面-’所修饰的名词。

It's not Jane's mistake, but Jack's(mistake)

2.of所有格

u 形式:名词+of+名词

the door of the room, the king of the land, the power of love

u 用法

l 表示无生命名词的所有关系

the name of the song the roof of the library

Beijing is the capital of China.

Tips:有生命的名词-’所有格和of所有格可以互换

the girl's name=the name of the girl

l 名词化的形容词的所有关系用of所有格

The life of the poor is the biggest problem in this country.

3.双重所有格

u 形式:名词+of+-’所有格/名词性物主代词。如果在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词时,常用双重所有格的形式来表示所有关系。

David is a friend of my father.

I give him two photos of mine.

These are some inventions of Edison's.

Tips:双重所有格和of所有格的简单比较

a picture of my brother's a picture of my brother

a friend of my sister's a friend of my sister

特例:the way to school the answer to the question

四.名词的修饰

1.表数量的修饰

u 只修饰可数名词

few几乎没有 a few有几个 several几个 many很多

a great/good many很多 a number of很多

a large/great number of numbers of很多

u 只修饰不可数名词

little a little much a good/great deal of a bit of

u 两者均可

some a lot of lots of plenty of all most


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