項目概況Project Statement
北京動物園水禽館是一座與環境融為一體的微能耗建築，消隱在生態景觀多樣化的水禽島之中，也是供熱帶和亞熱帶水禽棲息和科普展陳的複合型展館。建築面積約335㎡，其中鳥舍約235㎡，展廳、會議及後勤用房約100㎡。水禽館不僅是一個公益建築的建築設計研究和建造過程實現的案例，也是一個立足於中國北方寒冷地區的從建築學出發的基於可持續設計策略研究的實驗平臺。
Waterfowl Pavilion of Beijing Zoo is a net-zero energy building locating on the Waterfowl Island which owns extremely high ecosystem and landscape biodiversity and serves as a multi-functional building for bird breeding, exhibition and science advocacy. It’s both a practical case of public architectural design and construction, and an experimental platform for sustainable design strategies based on the Cold Zone in north China.
▼建築外觀，external view of the building
因項目場地和建築功能的特殊性，在項目籌劃階段就明確了可持續設計的目標：即在有限的建造經費內，藉助建築師的設計和贊助商捐助的部品，實現一座以“零能零碳”為目標的微能耗示範建築。水禽館的設計過程遵循了從規劃佈局，到建築設計，再到細部設計層面的逐層深化細化的順序，並在不斷強調建築在環境中的“消隱”。這種“消隱”不僅體現在建築視覺的層面，更體現在對場地環境與生態系統干擾破壞的最小化。
Facing the particularities both on site and function, a sustainable design target was set up at the initial stage of project: to create a demonstration net-zero energy building under the limit construction budget. The design process of Waterfowl Pavilion involves three phases: planning layout, architectural design and detail design, emphasizing being ‘invisible’ in the natural environment. Invisibility is not solely reflected in visual level, but also the minimization of interferences toward ecological system and wild environment of Waterfowl Island.
▼建築消隱於環境之中，the building is “invisible” in the natural environment
視覺形象消隱Vanishing in the nature
動物園水禽島上植被豐饒，覆蓋率超過90%，生物多樣性極高。島上的喬木、灌木與草本植物繁茂生長，造就了獨特而可貴的生態景觀特徵。在這樣的場地中所“植入”的建築，必須在形式與外觀上與環境呼應，與自然交融，形成視覺效果上的“消隱”。
The Waterfowl Island owns superior natural environment which vegetation coverage reaches more than 90% with luxuriant arbors and shrubs. In order to ‘plant’ a building inside the site, its form should adjust to communicate with the natural environment leading to the visual invisibility.
▼建築周邊植被茂盛，lush environment around the building
基於功能的需求，水禽館主要分為南側鳥舍區與北側人的活動區，兩者通過圍護結構形成雙層嵌套的空間關係。其中，建築的外牆根據周邊環境形成高低變化的折板形式，配合鳥舍區為促進熱壓通風而設計的兩組覆鬥狀的拔高風塔，形成高低錯落的形式，契合水禽島上喬灌相間的景觀特徵。
According to the functional demands, the pavilion is separated into two parts, the bird house in the south and the surrounding human zone. The two higher inverted funnel-shaped wind towers of bird house and the lower zigzag exterior walls of human zone imply the forest and grass mixture, arbors and shrubs alternate on the island.
▼高風塔，wind towers
在材料方面，折形外牆採用人造再生的粗紋木板，廊橋圍擋則就地取材，利用風乾蘆葦編織而成，從而在質感與色彩上使建築進一步地融入環境。同時，在施工前對建築周邊的喬木進行精確的定位，確保其完整保留，從而起到廕庇建築的作用，形成視覺的“消隱”。
The zigzag walls use renewable coarse-grained wooden panels while the exterior gallery wall is knitted by dry vulgar reeds, which make the pavilion more corresponded to the environment in color and texture. The arbors surrounding the building are accurately positioned before construction and protected carefully, which can shade the pavilion and make it invisible.
▼粗紋木板制折形外牆，zigzag walls composed by coarse-grained wooden panels
▼參觀入口，visitor entrance / 貴賓入口，VIP entrance
▼會議室外部，outside the meeting room
環境影響消隱Minimizing of environmental interference
水禽島實際上是一個相對獨立且完整的小生態系統，使本為異質的建築融入循環，並達到環境干擾的最小化，是“消隱”的深層含義。在選址方面，選取避開現狀樹木的空地，從而保護具有近百年樹齡的黑楊和油松；同時也放棄島南更為詩意的濱水溼地，用地儘量靠島嶼北側，從而縮短交通路徑，縮小施工前場。一方面減少建築的碳足跡，另一方面也避免對島上其餘地塊形成日照遮擋，從而最小化對島內生態微氣候的干擾。
Waterfowl Island is an independent and intact micro-ecosystem which requires the idiosyncratic architecture to minimize the interferences toward environment. That is the deeper meaning of ‘Invisibility’. When choosing the site, architect leaves the large area poetic wetland on the south side alone, but chooses a small void place in the north avoiding the old black poplars and pines. This decision can not only shorten the path and shrink the work-yard which help to reduce the carbon footprint, but also avoid creating too much artificial shadow area on the island.
▼水禽島剖面，section of Waterfowl Island
▼形體生成圖解，diagram of the form generating
在景觀方面，考慮採用本土化植物並保護生態群落種類的多樣性，在不破壞植被的前提下對場地進行局部改造，形成整合水收集、導流、淨化與排放功能於一體的水溼地景觀。既為島上的水禽與植被提供絕佳的生境，也實現了建築與環境的可持續結合。場地南側形成跌水溼地系統，通過蘆葦等水生植物對氮磷的吸收，地表水的逐層下滲對水體進行淨化。並利用植物的光合作用固碳釋氧，利用蒸騰作用調節溫溼平衡。
An integrated wetland system including collecting, guiding, cleaning and draining is employed through a minimally invasive reform of the site section, which creates an excellent habitat for the waterfowl and the vegetation. The absorption of aquatic plants such as reed and the fixation and infiltration processed in the soil help to remove the N and P. The green can also absorb the carbon dioxide and release the oxygen while their evaporation can help to balance the temperature and humidity.
▼溼地和室內通過玻璃門隔開，the wetland and interior is separated by glass doors
“消隱”還體現全生命週期的碳平衡上，水禽館採用低蘊能的鋼結構體系，結合其他環保材料，在建材製造和建造階段減少碳的排放。同時，通過太陽能等可再生清潔能源的利用，以及建築層面的自然通風、採光遮陽、保溫隔熱等被動式策略的應用，結合冷熱輻射空調、地源熱泵、新風熱回收等主動式技術的利用，有效減少建築運行階段的碳消耗與碳排放。
Invisibility also requires carbon balance. The pavilion employs steel structure and renewable materials to reduce the carbon emission during manufacture and construction. By combining passive design methods (natural ventilation, lighting, sun-shading and high-performance building envelop) and active technologies (ground source heat pump, radiation air-conditioning, heat recovery system) together, the carbon emission during operation is remarkably cut.
▼室內自然採光和通風，natural light and ventilation interior
經碳排放綜合計算，水禽館在其50年壽命週期內，在建築建材、建造、運行和拆除階段共產生二氧化碳745噸（建材製造及建造階段排碳佔18%；運行階段排碳佔72%）。而該建築利用可再生能源及整個島區景觀的碳回收，在全壽命週期可減少CO2的釋放量2756噸（可再生能源佔11%，景觀碳補償佔89%），碳回收遠大於碳排放。水禽館也真正達到了建築在環境中的“消隱”，也實現能源利用層面“零能零碳”的初始目標。
After carbon calculation, Waterfowl Pavilion will release 745 ton carbon dioxide in material manufacturing, construction, operation and disassembly during its 50-years lifecycle, while reduce 2756 ton carbon dioxide through using renewable energy and landscape compensatory. The latter is much more than the former which mean Waterfowl Pavilion reaches the goal of real invisibility, net-zero energy and net-zero carbon.
▼材料示意圖，materials
▼總平面圖，site plan
▼一層平面圖，first floor plan
▼北立面圖，north elevation
▼南立面圖，south elevation
▼東立面圖，east elevation / 西立面圖，west elevation
▼剖透視圖，perspective section
▼剖面圖，sections
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