语法讲座五：冠词、数词、代词、介词、连词、强调句
一、冠词
冠词只用在名词前，分为不定冠词a, an和定冠词the。
1. 不定冠词a, an：
A. 表示“一个......”。如：a book, a train。
B. 表示“每一”，如：three times a day。
C. 在文中第一次提到的表示人或事物的单数可数名词。如：Yesterday morning I met an old man in the street.
D. 用于某些词组。如：as a result因此, in a word总之, have a rest
***元音字母开头的词前用an, 例外情况：字母u发ju:的时候用a，如：a useful suggestion, a university；辅音字母开头的词前用a，例外情况：honest, hour, honor前用an
2. 定冠词the：
A. 在文中第二次以及第二次之后提到的人或事物前。
B. 乐器前。如：play the piano/violin/guitar。
C. 某些专有名词前。如： the Great Wall, the Yangtze River。
D. 序数词前。
E. 形容词最高级前。
F. 世界上独一无二的事物前。如：the Mars火星, the land, the sky, the earth, the universe宇宙。
G. 姓氏复数前，表示“某某一家或某某夫妇”。如：the Smiths
H. the +形容词/现在分词、过去分词，表示一类人。如：the poor, the rich, the old, the missing那些失踪的人， the living生者, the injured伤员, the disabled残疾人。
I. 用于某些固定词组。如：on the Internet, go to the cinema
3. 零冠词：名词前不使用冠词的情况
A. 固定词组。如：at first, for example, go to school, go to church去教堂做礼拜, go to college, by car, in
conclusion结论是；总之
B. 一日三餐前。如：have supper
C. 球类、棋类前。如：play chess, play soccer, play tennis
D. 头衔名词作同位语、表语、补足语时。如：president总统；总裁, monitor班长
E. 名词前已有形容词性物主代词或序数词修饰时。如：his biggest hobby, my fourteenth birthday
F. 单个词表示节日、月份、星期几时。如：Christmas, January, Saturday
注：冠词是高考必考考点，一般是一个填空或一个改错。
2014—2018年高考真题改错：冠词
1. During my last winter holiday, I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents.(2018.全国一)
2. As the kid, I loved to watch cartoons. (2018.全国二)
3. I still remember how hard first day was.(2017.全国一)
4. They live far from the school, and it takes them a hour and a half to go to work every day.(2017.全国二)
5. But in that case, we will learn little about world.(2016. 全国二)
6. At the first, I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by yourself.(两处错；2016. 全国三)
7. Now I am living in a city, but I miss my home in countryside.(2015. 全国一)
8. We allow tomatoes to self-seed where they please. As result, the plants are growing somewhere.(两处错；2014. 全国一)
2014—2018年高考真题语法填空：冠词
1. Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over ______ past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent. （2018.全国二）
2. As ________ result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.(2017. 全国一)
3. Instead, she is earning 6500 pounds a day as ________ model in New York.(2017. 全国三)
4. Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for________ while, exercising, or doing something you enjoy.(2016. 全国二)
5. Now years later, the river is one of _________most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup.(2014全国一)
6. Unexpectedly I’m face-to-face with the gorilla, who begins screaming at_______top of her lungs.(2018全国二)
冠词语法填空答案：1. the 2. a 3. a 4. a 5. the 6. the
二、数词（讲座PPT部分略掉）
数词分为基数词和序数词两种。
1. 基数词表示人或事物的数量，如：one, two, three, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fifteen, nineteen, thirty, eighty-five, a hundred...
2. 序数词表示人或事物的顺序，如：first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth,
twentieth, forty-sixth...(黑体的为重难点)...3. “在.....世纪......年代”：in+the+年号+s或’s, 如：in the 1870s/’s十九世纪七十年代
4. “在某人几十多岁的时候”：in+one’s+基数词几十的复数，如：in her fifties在她五十多岁的时候
5. 分数表达法：分子用基数词/分母用序数词，分子是二或超过二，分母序数词后加s。如：one/a third三分之一，three fifths五分之三，five sixths六分之五。固定说法：a half二分之一，a quarter四分之一, three quarters四分之三
注：序数词主要考察语境：第......世纪，第......层楼，第......个生日，......周年，......等奖或第......名
三、代词
代词是代替名词的词。
单数
复数
第一人称
第二人称
第三人称
第一人称
第二人称
第三人称
人称代词
主格
I
you
he she it
we
you
they
宾格
me
you
him her it
us
you
them
物主代词
形容词性
my
your
his her its
our
your
their
名词性
mine
yours
his hers its
ours
yours
theirs
反身代词
myself
yourself
himself herself itself
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
指示代词
this, that, these, those, such这，这些；那，那些
相互代词
each other(两者之间)互相, one another(三者或三者以上)互相
不定代词
普通
each, both, another, either(两者中)任一, neither, many, much, few, little
复合不定代词
anyone, anybody, anything, somebody, someone, something, nobody, nothing, no one, none, everything, everyone, everybody
疑问代词
who, whom谁, whose谁的, which哪一个, what 什么
连接代词
名词性从句的引导词：what, whatever, who, whoever, which, whichever, whose, whom, whomever
关系代词
定语从句的引导词：who, whom, whose, which, that, as
注：代词的主要高考考点是物主代词，人称代词的主宾格，反身代词，it，连接代词，关系代词
2014—2018年高考真题改错：代词
1. The first time I went there, they were living in a small house with dogs, ducks and another animals.(2018.全国一)
2. My parents didn’t let me play cartoons. They would say to us that playing card games would help my brain.(2018.全国二)
3. I had done myself homework, but I was shy.(2018.全国三)
4. Mr. and Mrs. Zhang all work in our school.(2017.全国二)
5. This picture of my high school often brings back to me many happy memories of your old days.(2017.全国三)
6. Instead, my uncle hopes that her business will grow steady.(两处错；2016. 全国一)
7. If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden your view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books.(两处错；2016. 全国二)
8. Five minutes later, Tony saw parents.(2015. 全国二)
2014—2018年高考真题语法填空：代词
1. If you are time poor, you need to run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should give_______ a try.(2018. 全国一)
2. However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25, 000 people were using_________ every day.(2017. 全国二)
3. On my recent visit, I held a lively three-month-old twin that had been rejected by_______(it) mother.(2016. 全国一)
4. A few hours__________(early), I’d been at home in Hong Kong, with______(it) choking smog.(2015 全国一)
5. Then the driver stood up and asked, “_________anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop?” A woman on the bus shouted, “Oh dear! It’s__________(I).”(2014全国二)
6. When the gorillas (大猩猩)and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find _________(they) alive.(2018全国二)
代词语法填空答案：1. it 2. it 3. its 4. earlier, its 5. Did, me/mine 6. them
四、介词
介词后面必须加名词或动名词。
1. 普通介词：at, on, in, by, for, from, of, to, with
2. 其它介词：about, before, after, behind, besides, above, below, over, under, until/till, since, including,
considering, despite, between, among, through, across, beyond, during, upon, beside,
past, near, around, along/down, against, as, except
3. 合成介词：onto, into, within, without
4. 短语介词：next to, instead of, in front of, in spite of, because of, as for, due to, owing to, as a result of
考点：1. by/without/after/before/on/instead of/because of+doing sth. 2. 短语搭配。
2014—2018年高考真题改错：介词
1. At the end of our trip, I told my father that I planned to return for every two years, but he agreed.(有两处错误，2018.全国一)
2. They have also bought for some gardening tools.(2017.全国二)
3. When I look at this picture of myself, I realize of how fast time flies.(2017.全国三)
4. My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich in the short period of time.(两处错；2016. 全国一)
5. Now I am leaving home to college. At last, I will be on my own, but I still want to have my parents to turn to whenever need help.(两处错；2016. 全国三)
6. Unfortunately, on the development of the industrialization(工业化), the environment has been polluted.(2015. 全国一)
7. The shop was very crowded. Tony saw a toy on a shop window.(2015. 全国二)
8. Nearly five years before, and with the help by our father, my sister and I planted some cherry tomatoes in our back yard.(两处错；2014. 全国一)
9. We have little homework every day. Therefore, we have more time with after-school activities.(2014. 全国二)
2014—2018年高考真题语法填空：介词
1. This trend, which was started by the medical community(医学界)_______ a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side_________(effect) such as overweight and heart disease--- the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.(2017. 全国一)
2. After school she plans to take a year off to model full-time before going to university to get a degree__________ engineering or architecture.(2017. 全国三)
3. Most of us are more focused_________ our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day. (2016.
全国二)
4. In India, for example, most people traditionally eat __________their hands.(2016. 全国三)
5. For those who fly to Guilin, it’s only an hour away_________car and offers all the scenery of the
better-known city.(2015 全国一)
6. On the bus, I got a place next _______ the window, so I had a good view of the sidewalk.(2014全国
二)
7. I was searching_________these three western lowland gorillas(大猩猩) I’d been observing.(2018全国二)
介词语法填空答案：1. as, effects 2. in 3. on 4. with 5. by 6. to 7. for
五、连词
并列连词：and, but, or, so, for因为, when突然, while而, both...and..., not only...but also..., as well as也；还有, either...or..., neither...nor...
从属连词：when, while, as, since, after, before, until, once, as soon as, because, now that既然，由于, although/though, even if/even though, no matter+疑问词, 疑问词+ever, if, unless, so that, so...that..., as if/as though好像, than, where, as long as/so long as只要......就......
2014—2018年高考真题改错：连词、从句引导词
1. They also had a small pond which they raised fish.(2018.全国一)
2. The games my parents taught me where I was a child turned to be very useful later in my life.(2018.全国二)
3. Around me in the picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines
and musical instruments.(2017.全国三)
4. My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live.(2016. 全国一)
5. Though not very big, but the restaurant is popular in our area.(2016. 全国一)
6. If we stay at home, it is comfortable but there is no need to spend money.(2016. 全国二)
7. There the air is clean or the mountains are green.(2015. 全国一)
8. Although we allow tomato plants to grow in the same place year after year, but we have never had any
disease or insect attack problems.(2014. 全国一)
六、 强调句
1. It is/was（被强调部分）that…句式。这个强调句型可以强调除谓语动词之外的几乎所有句子成分，包括：主语、宾语、表语、状语。小到一个词，大到一个从句。
例句：
It is I who/that am the teacher, so you must obey my rules.
It was a new computer that I bought last week.
It was yesterday evening that they watched a comedy on TV.
It was around the street corner that Mr. Smith met an old friend of his.
It was not until she finished her graduation paper that she went home by train.
It was because the boy had a high fever that he failed to go to school.
It was when he noticed the headmaster approaching that he stopped complaining about the hard physics exam.
2. did/do/does用于动词原形前，强调谓语动词，尚未发生的，翻译为“一定要”，已经完成的，翻译为“确实，的确”。
例句：
Do be careful next time you drive a car. 下次开车的时候一定要当心。
The thief did tell a lie when being questioned by the police.在接受警方问询的时候，那个小偷确实撒了谎。
It does rain a lot in this area in summer.这个地区夏季降雨量确实很大。
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