Urban Studies文章精选(44-48)

Anchoring Urban Development: Globalisation, Attractiveness and Complexity锚定城市发展：全球化、吸引力和复杂性

Olivier Crevoisier（纽沙特尔大学，瑞士）

Delphine Rime（伯尔尼大学，瑞士）

首次出版时间：2020/1/13｜研究论文

Abstract:Since the work of Hoyt in the 1930s, economic theories of urban development have stressed the primacy of manufacturing because of the existence of a regional multiplier effect. This model was extended to traded services and, in the last 10 years, to the residential and presential economy, taking into account the fact that mobile consumers and residents also bring monetary flows into regions. The city today is both aproductive agglomeration and a place of living, for both local and extra-local consumers, heralding the end of the primacy of manufacturing. In this article, we go a step further and consider the primacy of other kinds of export, either based on selling competitive goods or on attracting consumers. Due to changes in globalisation and to the rise of interurban competition for spending, incomes earned on exports are less and less likely to be spent locally, and instead flow out, progressively invalidating the multiplier effect. Consequently, the hypothesis of this article is that the main issue for urban development theories and practices is combining competitiveness in terms of exports with attractiveness to local as well as to external consumers. In this article, we call complexity the idea of pushing aside the focus on exports in order to understand the tensions and synergies between all activities and populations present within the urban space. In order to formulate new research questions, we build a typology of urban income flows and activities.

摘要：自从霍伊特 (Hoyt) 在20世纪30年代开展其研究工作以来，城市发展的经济理论一直强调制造业的首要地位，因为存在区域乘数效应。考虑到流动消费者和流动居民也会给地区带来货币流入这一事实，这一模式已被扩展到服务贸易，并在过去10年中扩展到住宅经济和旅游经济。对于本地和外来消费者来说，今天的城市既是一个生产集聚地，也是一个生活场所，这宣告了制造业主导地位的终结。我们在本文中更进一步，考虑其他类型出口的重要性，这些出口或者基于销售有竞争力的商品，或者基于吸引消费者。由于全球化带来的变化和城市间消费竞争的加剧，出口收入越来越不太可能在本地消费，而是流出，从而使乘数效应逐渐失效。因此，本文的观点是，城市发展理论和实践的主要课题是将出口竞争力与对本地和外来消费者的吸引力结合起来。在本文中，我们呈现了这样一种思想的复杂性：把焦点从出口上面挪开，从而理解城市空间中所有活动和人口之间的紧张关系和协同作用。为了阐明新的研究问题，我们建立了城市收入流动和活动的类型学。

原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019889310

Finance and growth nexus: An international analysis across cities金融与经济增长的联系：一个跨城市的国际分析

Stefanos Ioannou（牛津大学）

Dariusz Wójcik（牛津大学）

首次出版时间：2020/1/9 ｜研究论文

Abstract:We examine the relationship between finance and economic growth in the metropolitan areas of 75 countries at various stages of economic development in the period 2001–2015. Our analysis demonstrates an inverted-U shaped relationship between finance and growth. This relationship becomes even more significant in the areas of a country outside its largest financial centre, indicating that while these areas can benefit from financial development, they are also the most vulnerable. We show that large financial centres can have an impact on growth across their national economies, but in doing so they complement rather than replace local financial centres. Overall, our results highlight the risks associated with the excesses of financial development and lend evidence to support calls for more decentralised financial systems.

摘要：我们考察了2001-2015年间处于不同经济发展阶段的75个国家大都市地区的金融与经济增长之间的关系。我们的分析显示了金融和增长之间的倒U型关系。这种关系在一个国家最大金融中心以外的地区变得更加显著，这表明尽管这些地区可以从金融发展中受益，但它们也是最脆弱的。我们证明，大型金融中心可以对整个国民经济的增长产生影响，但在此过程中，它们只是补充而不是取代地方金融中心。总体而言，我们的研究结果凸显了金融发展过度带来的风险，并为要求金融体系更加分散的呼吁提供了支持证据。

Keywords: economic growth, finance, financial centres, financial sector size, urban economy关键词：经济增长, 金融, 金融中心, 金融部门规模, 城市经济

原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019889244

‘The tiger’s leap’: The role of history in legitimating the authority of modern Chinese planners“老虎的飞跃”：历史对合法化现代中国规划师权威的作用

Xin Feng（同济大学，中国）

Kiera Chapman（谢菲尔德，英国）

首次出版时间：2020/1/8｜研究论文

Abstract: Much has been written about the ways in which recent economic reforms have changed Chinese cities. Chinese planning is often discussed as a profession in an equivalent state of flux, as urban planners struggle to develop a new concept of their role that can find a coherent middle course between conflicting priorities: the pursuit of market-driven growth; the demands of a centralised and relatively authoritarian state; and the need to maintain a participative openness to local communities. This paper questions this emphasis on coherence within professionalism, arguing that planners in modern China define their role by sliding between very different sets of values and priorities. The term ‘public interest’ acts as a pivot in this negotiation, allowing the tensions between competing rationales to be downplayed. Furthermore, the challenges of the contemporary context do not entail leaving history behind but rather using it as a creative resource for ideas of legitimacy, authority and professionalism. Inspired by Walter Benjamin’s reflections on history, we argue that earlier models of professional authority from the Confucian and socialist traditions are mined and reinvented to cope with the uncertainties of professional decision-making in a highly conflicted present.摘要：关于近年来的经济改革如何改变中国城市，学者们已经有了很多的著述。中国的规划经常被认为是一个处于同等变动状态的职业，因为城市规划者努力发展一种关于自身角色的新的概念，以在相互冲突的优先事项之间找到一条连贯的中间路线：这些优先事项包括追求市场驱动的增长；集权和相对独裁的国家的要求；以及对当地社区保持参与性开放的需要。本文质疑这种对专业精神方面一致性的强调，认为现代中国的规划者通过在非常不同的价值观和优先事项之间滑动来定义他们的角色。“公共利益”一词在这种变换中起到了枢纽作用，使得相互竞争的理据之间的紧张关系得以淡化。此外，我们认为，当代环境的挑战并不意味着抛弃历史，而是将历史作为合法性、权威性和专业性等概念的创造性资源。受沃尔特·本杰明 (Walter Benjamin) 对历史的思考的启发，我们认为儒家和社会主义传统中的早期专业权威模式被挖掘和改造，以应对高度冲突的当下环境中专业决策的不确定性。

原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019882913

Shrinking cities: Implications for planning cultures?城市萎缩：对规划文化的启示？

Karina Pallagst（凯泽斯劳滕工业大学，德国）

René Fleschurz（凯泽斯劳滕工业大学，德国）

Tetsuji Uemura（NRI，日本）

首次出版时间：2019/12/17｜研究论文

Abstract: Various institutional and cultural settings have shaped spatial planning systems with comparable features; however, such systems have been adapted to specific cultural, normative and spatial conditions. In line with the growing demand for international knowledge exchange in urban and regional planning, planning cultures have recently come into sharper focus. Moreover, it has become widely acknowledged that many cities in Europe and the USA have to deal with challenges posed by long-term demographic and economic changes. This also holds true for Japan. The objective of the research presented here is to comparatively investigate changes in planning cultures in view of shrinking cities in the USA, Germany and Japan. The findings will allow us to detect interdependencies between changes in planning cultures and societal changes in the wake of shrinkage, and finally to derive hypotheses for both the future-oriented development of shrinking cities, and the development of planning cultures based on the comparison of cultural settings. In this respect the paper concludes with the hypothesis that there might be planning cultures that are not framed by geographic entities (nations, regions, cities), but rather by topics along shrinking cities. This could offer insight into a new research sphere of ‘topical planning cultures’. While lasting effects and successes of policies and strategies applied in shrinking cities remain to be seen, their influence on a broader knowledge exchange, contextualisation and innovation in the sphere of planning cultures is evident.摘要：各种制度和文化背景塑造了具有类似特征的空间规划系统；然而，这些系统已经适应了特定的文化、规范和空间条件。随着城市和区域规划领域对国际知识交流的需求日益增长，规划文化最近成为人们更加关注的焦点。此外，人们已经普遍认识到，欧洲和美国的许多城市必须应对长期人口和经济变化带来的挑战。日本也是如此。鉴于美国、德国和日本城市的萎缩，本文的研究目的是比较研究规划文化的变化。研究结果将使我们能够发现规划文化的变化和萎缩发生后的社会变化之间的相互依存关系，并最终得出收缩城市面向未来的发展和基于文化背景比较的规划文化发展的假设。在这方面，本文的结论是假设可能有规划文化不是由地理实体（国家、地区、城市）框定的，而是由萎缩中的城市的主题框定的。这可以为“主题规划文化”这一新研究领域提供见解。虽然在不断萎缩的城市中应用的政策和战略的持久效果和成功仍有待观察，但它们对规划文化领域更广泛的知识交流、语境化和创新的影响是显而易见的。

原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019885549

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