中考語法丨名詞的知識結構及應掌握的知識點詳細解析,一篇搞定!


中考語法丨名詞的知識結構及應掌握的知識點詳細解析,一篇搞定!


一、名詞:分為普通名詞和專有名詞

二、普通名詞:分為可數名詞和不可數名詞

三、可數名詞:分為個體名詞和集體名詞

1.個體名詞:worker (工人)cup (杯子)

2.集體名詞:family (家庭)factory (工廠)

四、不可數名詞分為物質名詞和抽象名詞

1.物質名詞:glass (玻璃)ice (冰)

2.抽象名詞:beauty (美麗)peace (和平)

※怎樣分辨可數名詞與不可數名詞的歌訣:

可數不可數好分辨,名詞所示物分兩半。

每半若不能叫原名,那該詞可數最肯定。

每半還能把原名叫,不可數名詞就遇到。

有的名詞是兩面堵,意變不可數為可數。如:

bike(自行車),如果把一輛自行車 分成兩半,每半隻能叫自行車的一部分,不能再叫自行車,所以bike是可數名詞。

water(水),如果把一杯水分成兩杯,每杯仍可叫水,因此water是不可數名詞。

orange(橘汁),如果把一瓶橘汁分成兩瓶,每瓶還可以叫橘汁,故orange(橘汁)為不可數名詞;但意為“橘子”時,是可數名詞。如:

- -What would you like to drink,girls?

_ _ _ _,please.

A.Two glass of water

B.Two glass of waters

C.Two cups of tea

D.Two cups of teas

答案:C。

解析句意:想喝點什麼,女孩們?。一請來兩杯茶。本題考查不可數名詞量的表示方法。tea 和water都是不可數名詞,因此不能加一。而glass和cup均為可數名詞,兩杯是複數,應用複數形式,所以選C。

五、專有名詞

China (中國)

Party (政黨)

the United States (美國)

the Great Wall (長城)

六、應掌握的知識點:

1.正確區分可數名詞和不可數名詞

■可數名詞: boy (男孩)一boys (男孩們)

■不可數名詞:paper(紙)

2.可數名詞的複數變化

△規則變化: map (地圖)→maps (地圖)

△不規則變化: goose (鵝)→geese (鵝)

※名詞單數變複數的規則變化

(1)一般在名詞詞尾加"-s"

map→maps地圖

desk →desks

bird→birds鳥

orange→oranges 桔子

bike→bikes自行車

(2)以s, x, ch, sh結尾的名詞加"-es"

box→boxes盒子

glass→glasses玻璃杯

class→classes班級

watch→watches手錶

dish→dishes盤,碟子,餐具

(3)以o結尾的無生命的名詞後面加"-s"

photo→photos相片

radio→radios收音機

zoo→zoos動物園

以o結尾的有生命的名詞後面加"-es"

tomato→tomatoes西紅柿

potato→potatoes土豆

hero→heroes英雄

negro→negroes黑人

巧記為:黑人/英雄/愛吃/西紅柿/和/土豆

(4)以輔音字母加y結尾的名詞,變y為i加"-es "

baby—babies嬰兒

family—families家庭

以元音字母加y結尾的名詞直接加"-s"

boy—boys男孩

toy—toys 玩具

(5)以fe或f結尾的名詞,把fe或f變為v加"-es"

roof→roofs屋頂

knife→knives小刀

wolf→wolves狠

wife→wives妻子

leaf→leaves樹葉

shelf→shelves書架

blief→beliefs信仰

※名詞單數變複數的不規則變化:

1. child—children

foot→feet

tooth→teeth

goose→geese

mouse→mice

man→men

woman→women

注意:與 man 和 woman構成的合成詞,其複數形式也是 -men 和-women, 例如: an Englishman→two Englishmen

但German不是合成詞,故複數形式為Germans;Black是姓,其複數是the Blacks(布萊克一家)。

2. 單複數同形的名詞

例如: deer鹿,sheep綿羊,fish魚,Chinese中國人,Japanese日本人,li裡,jin斤,yuan元

注意:除人民幣元、角、分外,美元、英鎊、法郎等都有複數形式。例如: a dollar—two dollars

3. 集體名詞,以單數形式出現,但實為複數。

例如: people人, police警察, cattle牛等本身就是複數,不能說 a people,a police,a cattle,但可以說 a person,a policeman,a head of cattle

the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese等名詞,表示國民總稱時,作複數用,例如:

The Chinese are hard-working and brave.

中國人民是勤勞勇敢的。

以s結尾仍為單數的名詞有:

1. maths數學,politics政治(學),physics物理學等學科名詞,為不可數名詞,是單數。

2. news消息、新聞,為不可數名詞。

3. the United States美國,the United Nations聯合國,應視為單數。

The United Nations was organized in 1945. 聯合國是1945年組建起來的。

4. 以複數形式出現的書名,劇名,報紙,雜誌名,也視為單數。

注意:

1. 表示由兩部分構成的東西,如:glasses (眼鏡) trousers, clothes 若表達具體數目,要藉助數量詞 pair(對,雙); suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers

2. 還有一些名詞,其複數形式有時可表示特別意思,如:goods貨物,waters水域,fishes(各種)魚

3.名詞的所有格形式

△表示有生命的人或物的名詞所有格形式

△表示無生命的東西的所有格形式

△of詞組+所有格

1.名詞所有格表示名詞之間的所有關係。有兩種表示形式:一種是's所有格,另一種是of所有格。如:

Beijing is China's capital.

=Beijing is the capital of China.

北京是中國的首都。

2.用and連接兩個並列的單數名詞表示共有關係,這時只在最後一個名詞後加-s。如:

This is Mary and her sister's bedroom.

這是瑪麗和她姐姐的臥室。

Lily and Lucy's mother is a nurse.

莉莉和露西的媽媽是位護士。

用and連接兩個並列名詞,表示分別擁有各自的物品時,兩個名詞都在詞尾加-'s表示所有關係。如:

These are Tom's and Mary's bags.

這些是湯姆和瑪麗的包。

Wei Hua's and John's licenses are missing.

魏華的和約翰的許可證都丟了。

3.以-s結尾的名詞,在s後加“.s ;不以-s結尾的詞在詞尾加's。 如:

教師節Teachers' Day

兒童 節Children's Day

4.of所有格常用來表示無生命的東西。如:

the door of the room房間的門

5.雙重所有格有兩種形式:

①of+名詞所有格;

②of+名詞性物主代詞。如:

He is a friend of my brother's.

他是我哥哥的一個朋友。

Is she a daughter of yours?

她是你的女兒嗎?

6.表示店鋪、醫院、診所、住宅等名稱時,常在名詞後加上-'s代表全稱。如:

at the doctor's在診所

7.一些具有名詞性質的複合不定代詞,如someone ,everybody等和else連用時,s應加在else後。如:

somebody else's pencil別人的鉛筆

8.表示時間、距離、國家、城市等無生命的東西的名詞,也可以在詞尾加“-'s”或“of”來構成所有格。如:

(1)用於時間

five miles’ distance 五英里的距離

an hour's ride騎車一小時的路程

two weeks' time兩個星期的時間

(2)用於度量

thirteen tons' weight 13 噸的重量

five hundred metres' distance五百米的距離

(3)用於價值

a hundred yuan's order一百元的訂貨單

a hundred pounds' note 一百英鎊的鈔票

(4)用於天體

the earth's satellite 地球衛星

(5)用於國家

Belgium's capital比利時的首都

the city of Rome 羅馬城

the city of Pairs 巴黎城

(6)用於城市

the Ural's industry 烏拉爾的工業

Changchun's agriculture 長春的農業

9.雙重所有格與of所有格的區別。如:

He is a friend of your father's.

他是你父親的一個朋友。( 強調你父親的朋友不止一個)

He is a friend of your father.

他是你父親的朋友。(強調他對你父親的友好)

4.名詞的用法

名詞在句中作主語、賓語、表語、狀語或定語等。

名詞在句子中所作的成分:

1.(The boy) is clever.(主語)

2.l am (a student).(表語)

3.I like (apples).(賓語)

4. This is an (apple) tree.(定語)

5. We made Lu Xunjun( monitor).(賓補)

6. We are waiting for Miss Chen, the (English teacher). ( 同位語)

名詞在句中作主語時,主謂要保持一致

名詞所有格的用法

六、語法知識預測

1.Where are you going ?

-l'm going to the()to fly a kite.

A. shop

B. library

C. park

D.post ofife

2.Today is September 10th. lt's()Day. Let's go and buy some flowers for our teachers.

A. Teachers

B. Teachers'

C. the Teachers'

D. Teacher's

3.l'll tell you()

A. a good news

B. good a news

C. a piece of good news

D. some piece of good news

4.Yesterday's news()very interesting.

A.is B. was C.are D. were

5. I wonder why()are interested in action films (武打片/動作片).

A. the people

B. people

C. peoples

D. the peoples

6.Joan is()sister.

A. Mary and Jack

B. Mary's and Jack's

C. Mary's and Jack

D. Mary and Jack's

7.During Christmas, people get together and sing Christmas songs for

A. fun B. wishes C. interest D. thanks

8.The()now is that we have lots of()

to ask.

A. problem;question

B. question ; problem

C. question ; problems

D. problem;questions

9.There is only a ittle()in the fridge.

That's not enough for lunch,

A, chicken B, an egg

C. chickens D. eggs

10.They have searched thef()for three hours for the informationa bout the Canon camera.

A.TV B. radio C. Internet D. computer

Keys :1C 2B 3C 4B 5B 6D 7B 8D 9A 10C.

【掌握幾組近義詞辨析】

(1) family,house與home

family指“家,家庭”,可強調家庭中的全體成員,不指住房;home作“家”講,指人們生活居住的地方,強調居住的範圍和環境;house有“住宅,家”之意,強調房屋和居住地點。如:

My family are very kind.

我的家人都很友好。

He left home for Beiing.

他離家去北京了。

They lived in a small house.

他們住在一棟小房子裡。

(2)job與work

job是可數名詞,指一項具體的工作,多指“零工”或“短工”;work是不可數名詞,指工作、勞動、用功。如:

Selling newspapers is his part-time job.

賣報紙是他的兼職。

He has been out of work.他失業了。

Li Ling wants to be a singer.She thinks it's an interesting job.李玲想成為一名歌手。她認為那是一份有 趣的工作。

(3) problem與question

兩個詞都表示“問題”。一般來說, problem總是與“困難”相聯繫,它可以指社會問題、教學問題,這種“問題”是“有待解決的”,與之搭配的動詞是solve;question 總是與“疑問、質問、詢問”相聯繫,這種“問題”是“有待回答的”,常與動詞answer連用。如:

He asked me some questions.

他問了我一些問題。

There is no problem that he is honest.

他為人誠實是毫無疑問的。

(4) voice,noise與sound

voice是“嗓音”; noise是“吵鬧聲”,指不悅耳、不和諧的嘈雜聲;sound是指人所聽到的自然界的任何聲音。如:

I recognized her voice at once.

我立刻聽出了她的聲音。

Don't make so much noise.

別弄出那麼多噪音。

At the foot of the hill ,you could hear nothing but the sound of the running water.

在山腳下,除了流水聲,你什麼也聽不見。

Exercise:

一、把下列名詞變為複數:

中考語法丨名詞的知識結構及應掌握的知識點詳細解析,一篇搞定!

變化口訣:

中日不變英法變,其餘S在後邊。

答案:Chinese /Japanese /Englishmen Frenchmen /Germans /Americans

中考語法丨名詞的知識結構及應掌握的知識點詳細解析,一篇搞定!


中考語法丨名詞的知識結構及應掌握的知識點詳細解析,一篇搞定!

二、單項選擇:

中考語法丨名詞的知識結構及應掌握的知識點詳細解析,一篇搞定!


中考語法丨名詞的知識結構及應掌握的知識點詳細解析,一篇搞定!


中考語法丨名詞的知識結構及應掌握的知識點詳細解析,一篇搞定!


中考語法丨名詞的知識結構及應掌握的知識點詳細解析,一篇搞定!


中考語法丨名詞的知識結構及應掌握的知識點詳細解析,一篇搞定!


中考語法丨名詞的知識結構及應掌握的知識點詳細解析,一篇搞定!

三、名詞語法練習題

1. The commander said that two________ would be sent to the Iraqi front the next day.

A. women’s doctor B. women doctors

C. women’s doctors D. women doctor

2. “Look! The police ________ here to keep order! Go away quickly,” one of them shouted.

A. is coming B. comes

C. are coming D. has come

3. She could not speak English, but made her wishes known by means of _____.

A. signs B. sighs C. movements D. words

4. In my opinion, what he told us just now about the affair simply doesn’t make any _____.

A. idea B. meaning C. sense D. point

5. Shelly had prepared carefully for her English examination so that she could be sure of passing it on her first _____.

A. intention B. attempt C. purpose D. desire

6. ________ food is kept in his new cave, but at last Saddam was still arrested.

A. Large quantities of B. A great deal of

C. A large number of D. Quite a few

7. –– Let’s try operating the machine right now.

––Wait. Better read the _____first.

A. instructions B. explanations

C. information D. introduction

8.The rest of the magazines________ within half an hour.

A. is sold out B. was sold out

C. were sold out D. are sold out

9. You’d have more _____of catching the train if you took a bus to the station instead of walking.

A. opportunity B. chance C. time D. energy

10.The number of deer, mountain lions and wild roses________ much if people leave things________ they are.

A. doesn’t change; as B. aren’t changed; like C. don’t change; like D. don’t change; as

11. I knew I shouldn’t accept anything from such a person, but I found it difficult to turn down his _____.

A. offer B. suggestion C. request D. plan

12.________it is to gather with President Bush at such a special Thanksgiving Day in Iraq!

A. what a fun B. what fun C. how fun D. what joy

13. Oh., John________ you gave us!

A. How a great surprise B. how pleasant surprise

C. what a pleasant surprise D. what pleasant surprise

14 He is________ as a leader but he hasn’t________ in teaching.

A. success; many experiences

B. a success; much experience

C. great success; an experience

D. a great success; a lot of experiences

15 —Who did you spend last weekend with?

—________.

A. Palmer’s B. The Palmers’

C. The Palmers D. The Palmer’s

答案:

1. B。複合名詞的複數中含有構詞成分man / woman時,將變為men / women, 且所修飾的名詞也要變成複數。

2. C。特殊類群體名詞 police / cattle 做主語時,謂語動詞用複數;“警察”個體用 policeman / policewoman;牛的個體用 a head of cattle。

3. A。signs指“手勢”。

4. C。make sense是習語,意為“有道理”、“意義清楚”。

5. B。比較:

attempt=嘗試,企圖;

intention=意圖;

purpose=目的;

desire=慾望。

6. B。牢記:

①a large / great / good quantity / amount of +複數名詞或不可數名詞,謂語動詞用單數;

②large / great / good quantities / amounts of +複數名詞或不可數名詞,謂語動詞用複數。

7. A。instructions說明書(常用複數),explanation解釋、說明。

8. C。Most of / Half of / Part of / part of +名作主語,謂語與of後面的名詞保持一致。本題中magazines是可數名詞複數,故謂語動詞用複數。

9. B。表示“機會”時,opportunity和chance兩者均可;但表示“可能性”時,只能用chance。

10. A。牢記:

①The number of + 名詞複數,謂語用單數;

②A number of + 名詞複數,謂語常用複數。

11. A。表示主動提供的東西,用offer。

12. B。抽象名詞表泛指時一般不與冠詞連用。

13. C。抽象名詞有前置或後置修飾語時,前面用不定冠詞,如:A. happy life / a good education in that university / a wide knowledge of nature.

14. B。表具有某種特性、狀態、特點、情感、情緒的人和事

15. C,指一家人時常用the +姓氏的複數。

四、名詞所有格練習題

1.Every evening Mr. King takes a ______ to his home.

A. 25 minutes' walk

B. 25 minute's walk

C.25 minute walk

D. 25 minutes walk

2.Oh, dear. I forgot the two _______.

A. room's number

B. rooms' number

C. room numbers

D. room's numbers

3.________ mothers couldn't go to the meeting, because they have gone to Shanghai.

A. Mary and Peter's

B. Mary and Peter

C. Mary's and Peter

D. Mary's and Peter's

4.Li Lei has been to ______ many times this month.

A. her uncle

B. her uncle's

C. her uncles

D. aunt's

答案解析:

1.A。句中的minute應該用其複數的所有格形式,只加’,而不能加‘s。

2.C。room number房間號碼,room可直接用作定語修飾後面的名詞,類似的還有my physics teacher, two bus driveres等。

3.D。mothers是複數,表示是兩個人各自的母親,故選D。

4.B。此句意為“李雷這個月去她舅舅家多次”,表示具體場所時,可省去所有格後面的名詞。

5.A classmate of ______ was here ten minutes ago.

A. you

B. your

C. your sister

D. your sister's

6.This is a photo of ______ when they were young.

A. my father and mother

B. my mother and father's

C. my mother's and father's

D. my father's and my mother

7.It's June 1st, it's _______ Day.

A. Childrens

B. Children's

C. Childrens'

D. Childrens's

8.After the exam, we'll have ______ holiday.

A. two weeks

B. two-weeks

C. two weeks'

D. two week's

答案解析:

5.D。此題考查“雙重所有格”,a classmate of yours,是“你的一個同學”;a classmate of your sister's, 是“你姐姐的一個同學”,故選D。

6.B。照片只有一張,說明是“我的爸爸和媽媽”共有的,故選B。

7.B。children's day,兒童節,children已經是child的複數,詞尾不可再加s。

8.C.與1.類似,兩週,week詞尾要加s,以s結尾的複數名詞的所有格只加’,不加‘s,故選C。


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