高考命题失误分类评析(7)

高考命题失误分类评析(7)

三、语言的发展与分歧(2)

3.①—There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well.

—It ________ a comfortable journey.

A.can't be B.shouldn't be

C.mustn't have been D.couldn't have been

②I didn't see her in the meeting-room this morning.She ________ at the meeting.

A.mustn't have spoken B.shouldn't have spoken

C.needn't have spoken D.couldn't have spoken

③Jack ________ yet,otherwise he would have telephoned me.

A.mustn't have arrived B.shouldn't have arrived

C.can't have arrived D.need not have arrived

④Mary ________ be in Paris.I saw her in town only a few minutes ago.

A.mustn't B.shouldn't C.can't D.may not

⑤Susan ________ written a report like this.

A.can have B.mustn't have

C.can't have D.ought not have

评析:上面五道题的评分答案分别为DDCCC。传统语法认为,表示对某事确有把握的推论或揣测,在肯定句中用 must,在否定句中用can't或couldn't,不能用mustn't。但在现代英语中,有些专家(如夸克等)认为mustn't可用于表示不可能的推测,意为“想必不,准不是”。这在美国英语中尤其常见。《Longman词典》也持这种观点。

下面是一些实例:

I can hear the Brown's phone bell ringing but no one is answering it.They mustn't be at home.我听到布朗家的电话铃在响,但是没有人接;他们想必都不在家。(SEFC1A教师用书P.122)

Mr.Green mustn't have received my letter,otherwise he would have replied before now.格林先生想必没有收到我的信,要不然他在这之前就早已回过信了。(SEFC1A教师用书P.126)

His absence mustn't have been noticed =His absence can't have been noticed.(《新编英语语法》第三版)

4.①—The experiment had failed!

—I suggest you ________ again.

A.try B.trying C.will try D.would try

②Jane's pale face suggested that she ________ ill,and her parents suggested that she ________ a medical examination.

A.be;should have B.was;have

C.should be;have D.was;has

评析:通常认为,suggest作“建议”讲时其后的宾语从句的谓语动词要用虚拟语气(由should +动词原形构成,should常可省略)。随着语言的发展,这种情况下的从句也可根据语境使用其它形式。请看下面的佐证或论述:

I suggest that you don't ask him home for the vacation.(SEFC1A P.55)

Can you suggest how we might tackle the problem?我们怎样处理这个问题,你能给出个主意吗?(《牛津高级英汉双解词典》,第四版)

He said that he would not be long and suggested that we waited for him.他说他不会去很久,并建议我们等他。(《英语惯用法大词典》,徐达山,王福祯,北京科学技术出版社)

I suggested that this is done forthwith.我建议此事应立刻去做。(出处同上)

Your niece in the shop suggested I might call and see you.你在商店的侄女建议我来拜访你。(出处同上)

《英语惯用法大词典》(徐达山,王福祯,北京科学技术出版社)认为suggest“一般作及物动词,表示‘建议,提出(作为建议)’,其后接名词、动名词或名词从句。从句中的动词谓语多由should +动词原形构成或用动词原形。后接从句时,谓语有时也有其他形式。”例如:

I suggest that this is done forth with.我建议此事应立刻去做。

Your niece in the shop suggested I might call and see you.你在商店的侄女建议我来拜访你。

He said that he would not be long and suggested that we waited for him.他说他不会去很久,并建议我们等他。

《贺氏英文法全书》(贺立民著,中国科学技术出版社)上册中说:“在非正式的场合里,suggest之后的that子句里常用现在式或过去式。如:

(1)a.I suggested that he should sell the car.(正式)

b.I suggested that he sells the car.(非正式)

(2)a.I suggested that he should sell the car.(正式)

b.I suggested that he sold the car.(非正式)”

①,②题的标准答案分别为A、B。现在看来①题的答案也可是D。②题的第二个空格填had也是完全正确的。

5.The guard at the gate insisted that everybody ________ the rules.

A.obeys B.obey C.will obey D.would obey

评析:选项B是标准答案。但选项C也正确。原来认为, insist作“坚持要,一定要”解时,从句谓语动词应用虚拟语气;作“坚持说”解时,通常不用虚拟语气。

但现在,insist后跟that从句,其谓语动词用虚拟语气和不用虚拟语气的现象都比较常见。张道真先生在《现代英语用法词典》insist条下引用的例句中后者还超过前者,即谓语动词用虚拟语气的占5个,而谓语动词用其它形式的却占了6个。兹引用三例为佐证:

And you insist you will marry her?(Dreiser)

My mother insisted that I went to bed and I had to go.

I must insist that you don't steal.(Macaulay)

其实,在很多场合下是很难分辨出作insist是做“一定要”解还是做“坚持说”解,如以上三例似乎作两种意义解释都能讲得过去。实际上,在表示“建议、要求、命令、决定、坚持、认为”等动词之后,that从句多用should +动词原形型虚拟语气;在美国英语中,should常常省去。如果从句陈述的是事实,则可不用should形式。请比较以下两句:

She insisted that the students should talk English with him.

She insisted that the students talked English with him.

上面两句都可译为“她坚持要学生和他用英语谈话”。第一句可能含有“学生不愿意或没有用英语与他交谈”的意味;第二句则含有“学生那样做了”的意味。

上题的答案若填C,句意为:门卫坚持要大家遵守规则(大家不遵守规则的可能性比较大)。若填D,句意为:门卫坚持大家要遵守规则(作为一项不可违抗的纪律)。

似乎答案D比C更有意义。

6.—Are the two answers correct?

—No,________ correct.

A.no one is B.both are not

C.neither is D.either is not

评析:所给正确答案是C,答案B、D也完全正确。现在让我们把neither,both,either用作代词的情况分析举例如下:

neither意为“两者都不”,用于肯定句中,表示否定的含义。例如:

Neither(one)is satisfactory。两个都不令人满意。(《牛津现代高级英汉双解辞典》)

I like neither of them.他们两个我都不喜欢。(出处同上)

both用于肯定句中,表示“两者都”的意义;用于否定句中,表示“并非两者都”的部分含意。例如:

Both are good.二者都好。(《牛津现代高级英汉双解辞典》)

Both should make concessions.(张道真《现代英语用法词典》)

Both candidates were not rejected.两个候选人不是都失败了。(费致德《现代英语惯用法词典》)

either一般用于肯定句中,表示“(两者中)随便哪一个”的意思。同not连用在语法和意义上也是成立的。请看以下例句:

I will take either.(张道真《现代英语用法词典》)

If you go ahead with this,I won't give either of you the slightest help.(出处同上)

I don't agree with either of you on many things.(出处同上)

最后两句例中的either都是同not连用,表示“两者都不(=neither)”的意义。

根据以上分析,本题的正确答案应该有B、C、D三个。将C放进去,全句表示“不,两者都不对”的意思;将B放上去,全句意为“不,并非两者都对”;将D放上去,全句也表示“不,两者都不对”的全否定意思。

(段惠彬 原连载于《基础教育外语教学研究》2002年第9-11期)

本文由书生小二郎原创。

小二郎在省重点高中从事英语教学20余年,所带班级高考重点率在93.5%以上,多名学生考入香港大学、北京大学、清华大学、浙江大学、北京外国语大学等名校,擅长指导学生短期内快速提高英语能力和考试成绩。


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