1910年，澳大利亚人莫理循开始了为时半年的中国西部考察，从陕西咸阳出发，途经甘肃平凉、兰州、凉州、甘州、肃州，出嘉峪关进入新疆，经哈密、乌鲁木齐、石河子，一路西行到达伊犁，尔后向南翻越木扎尔特冰川，经阿克苏到达喀什葛尔，后向西过乌恰，最后到达俄国的奥什。在此次考察中，莫理循亲历、亲闻、亲见的可靠记录，对于我们了解清末中国提供了非常生动、直接的材料。　　

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