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並列複合句概念
並列複合句是由兩個或兩個以上並列而又獨立的簡單句構成。兩個簡單句常由並列連接詞連在一起；但有時不用連接詞，只在兩個簡單句之間用一逗號或分號。
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並列複合句的構成
⒈ 表示連接兩個同等概念，常用and、not only…but also…、neither…nor…、then等連接。
如：The teacher's name is Smith, and the student's name is John.
⒉ 表示選擇，常用的連詞有 or、either…or…、otherwise等。
如：Hurry up,or you'll miss the train.
⒊ 表示轉折，常用的連詞有but、still、however、yet、while、when等。
如：He was a little man with thick glasses,but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.
⒋ 表示因果關係，常用的連詞有so、for、therefore等。
如：August is the time of the year for rice harvest,so every day I work from dawn until dark.
★ 賓語從句
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概述
置於動詞、介詞等詞性後面起賓語作用的從句叫賓語從句。賓語從句的語序必須是陳述語序。謂語動詞、介詞、動詞不定式，v.-ing形式後面都能帶賓語從句。有些形容詞（afraid,sure,glad等）之後也可以帶賓語從句。
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賓語從句的特點
⒈ 賓語從句可以作及物動詞、介詞及形容詞的賓語。
⒉ 賓語從句的語序一律用陳述句語序。
⒊ 連接詞that 引導賓語從句在句中無詞義，不充當句子成份，多數情況下可以省略。
⒋ whether和if都可引導賓語從句，但whether 後可緊跟or not；whether從句可作介詞的賓語。
⒌ 如果從句太長，可以用形式賓語it.
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賓語從句中引導詞的用法
在複合句中作主句的賓語，引導詞有：
連詞：that（that 常可省略）,whether,if
代詞：who,whose,what,which
副詞：when，where,how,why等。
⒈ that 引導的賓語從句（在非正式場合that 可以省略）
①可跟that從句做賓語的動詞有：say,think,insist,wish,hope,demand,imagine,wonder,know,suppose,see,believe,agree,admit,deny,expect,explain,order,command,feel,dream,suggest,hear,mean,notice,prefer,request,require,propose,declare,report等。
如：The boy believes that he will travel through space to other planets.
注意：當主句謂語動詞是think,believe,suppose,expect 等詞，而賓語從句的意思是否定時，常把否定轉移至主句表示。
如：I don't think it is right for him to treat you like that.
② 在以下情況中that不能省略
⑴ 當句中的動詞後接多於兩個由that引導的賓語從句時，第一個that可省，但後面的that不可省。
如：He said(that)you were too young to understand the matter and that
he was asked not to tell you.
⑵ 當主句的謂語動詞與 that 賓語從句之間有插入語時，that一般不可省。
如：Just then I noticed for the first time,that our master was wearing
his fine green coat and his black silk cap.
⑶ 當that 從句是雙賓語中的直接賓語時，that不可省。
如：I can't tell him that his mother died.
注意：許多帶複合賓語的句子，that引導的賓語從句經常移到句子後部，而用it作形式賓語。
如：I find it necessary that we should do the homework on time.
⒉ 由whether,if引導的賓語從句
① 由whether（if）引導的賓語從句，實際上是一般疑問句演變而來的。意思是“是否”。賓語從句要用陳述句語序。一般說來，在賓語從句中whether與if可以互換使用，但在特殊情況下if與whether是不能互換的。
如：I wonder whether(if）they will come to our party.
② 只能用whether，不能用if引導的賓語從句
⑴ 在帶to的不定式前
如：We decided whether to walk there.
⑵ 在介詞的後面
如：I'm thinking of whether we should go to see the film.
⑶ 在動詞後面的賓語從句時
如：We discussed whether we had a sports meeting next week.
⑷ 直接與or not連用時
如：I can't say whether or not thet can come on time.
③ 只能用if不能用whether引導的賓語從句
⑴ if引導條件狀語從句，意為“如果”
如：The students will go on a picnic if it is sunny.
⑵ if引導否定概念的賓語從句時
如：He asked if I didn't come to school yesterday.
⑶ 引導狀語從句even if（即使）和as if（好像）時
如：He talks as if he has known all about it.
⒊ 連接代詞和連接副詞引導的賓語從句
這樣的賓語從句實際上是由特殊疑問句變化而來的，賓語從句要用陳述句語序。
用於這種結構的動詞有：
see, say, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, show, find out, imagine, suggest, doubt, wonder, discover, understand, inform, advise等。
英語中的連接代詞有：who,whom,whose,which,what,在句中擔任主語、賓語、定語或者表語。
如：Can you tell me whom you are waiting for?
英語中的連接副詞有：when,where,why,how，在句中擔任狀語的成分。
如：None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.
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賓語從句的語序
賓語從句的語序是陳述句語序即：連接代詞/副詞+主語+謂語+其他成分。
如：I don't know what they are looking for.
Could you tell me when the train will leave?
Can you imagine what kind of man he is?
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賓語從句的時態
⒈ 主句是一般現在時，從句根據實際情況使用任何時態。
如：The headmaster hopes everything goes well.
⒉ 主句是過去時態，從句須用過去時態的某種形式。
如：She was sorry that she hadn't finished her work on time.
⒊ 當賓語從句表示的是一個客觀真理或者事實時，即使主句是過去時，從句也用一般現在時態。
如：The teacher told his class that light travels faster than sound.
★ 狀語從句
在複合句中，修飾主句或主句謂語的句子叫作狀語從句。狀語從句可位於主句之前，也可位於主句之後。狀語從句可分為時間、地點、原因、結果、條件、方式、讓步、比較和目的等九大類。
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狀語從句引導詞列表
⒈ 上述有些連詞除了能引導狀語從句外，還可引導定語從句和名詞性從句。在使用的時候，要根據句子結構和句意來判別和區分不同的從句，正確使用引導詞。以where為例，試比較下列多種從句的區別。
如：You are to find it where you left it.(地點狀語從句）
Tell me the address where he lives.(定語從句，先行詞為the address)
I don't know where he came from.(賓語從句）
Where he has gone is not known yet.(主語從句）
This place is where they once hid.(表語從句）
⒉ 在兩個分句間要有一個且只有一個連詞，千萬不能按漢語習慣。
如：Because he was ill,he didn't come to school.
=He was ill,so he didn't come to school.
⒊ 在時間、地點、條件、方式或讓步狀語從句中，若從句的主語與主句的主語一致（或從句的主語為it），從句的謂語又包含動詞be時，從句中的“主語+be”部分可省略。
如：When (he was)asked about it,he kept silent.
Fill in the blanks with articles when (they are)necessary.
If(it is)possible,I'll explain it again later.
She stood at the gate as if (she was) waiting for someone.
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時間狀語從句
⒈ when引導的時間狀語從句
① when引導的時間狀語從句，其動詞既可以是延續性動作的動詞，也可以是瞬間性動作的動詞，可以表示主句的動作和從句的動作同時發生，或從句的動作發生在主句的動作之前。
如：When you apply for a job,you must present your credentials.當你申請工作時，你必須遞交你的有關證件。（同時）
When the students heard the teacher's footsteps,they sopted talking.當學生們聽到老師的腳步聲時，他們都停止了講話。（從句動作發生在前）
② when 還可表示just then（正在那時）的意思，此時其所引導的從句只放在主句之後。
如：We were about to start when it began to rain.我們正要動身，突然天下起雨來。
The game had hardly/scarcely/barely begun when it started raining.比賽剛剛開始就下起雨來。
⒉ as引導的時間狀語從句
as 側重表示主句和從句的動作並相發生，翻譯成“一邊……一邊……”。
如：We were having breakfast as she was combing her hair.她梳頭時我們在吃早飯。
⒊ while引導的時間狀語從句
while或“在……期間”，所引導的從句的動作是延續性的，並表示和主句的動作同時發生。
如：When the teacher paraphrased the text in English,the students listened attentively and took notes.當老師用英語解釋課文時，學生們聚精會神地聽並做著筆記。
I can learn while I work.我可以邊工作邊學習。
⒋ before引導的時間狀語從句
① before“在……之前”
如：I'll be back before you have left.你離開之前我就會回來。
② before“……之後才”
如：It may be many years before we meet again.可能要過許多年我們才能再見了。
It was three days before I came back.他三天後才回來。
⒌ as soon as/once/directly/the instant引導的時間狀語從句
as soon as是最常見的表示“一……就”的從屬連詞，其他連詞還有immediately,instantly,the instant(that),the minute(that),the moment(that)等，它們通常都可與as soon as換用。
如：As soon as we got home,the telephone rang.我們一到家，電話就響了。
I recognized her immediately I saw her.我一看見她就認出她來了。
Directly the teacher came in everyone was quiet.老師一進來，大家就靜了下來。
⒍ hardly…when/no sooner…than引導的時間狀語從句
關聯從屬連詞hardly/barely/scarcely…when 和 no sooner..than的意思是“剛……就”，它們所引導的從句中的謂語動詞通常為過去完成時。
如：He had no sooner (no sooner had he)arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey.他剛一到家，就又要他出另一次差。
No sooner had the words been spoken than he realized that he should have remained silent.這些話剛一出口，他就意識到自己應該保持沉默。
⒎ since引導的時間狀語從句
在含有since引導的時間狀語從句的複合句中，從句的謂語動詞通常為一般過去時，主句的謂語動詞通常為現在完成時、過去完成時和一般現在時。
如：We've never met since we graduated from the college.大學畢業後我們就再沒見過面。
Great changes have taken place since you left.你走了以後，這裡發生了巨大變化。
⒏ till/until引導的時間狀語從句till和until同義，作“直到……時（為止）”解，till多口語話，until多用於句首。
如：Donald will remain in college until(till)he finishes his Ph.D course.唐納德將留在學校直到完成他的博士學位課程。
I won't go with you until(tll)I finished my homework.等我做完作業我才和你一起去。
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地點狀語從句
⒈ where引導的地點狀語從句，從屬連詞where“在（或到）……的地方”
如：Where there is a will,there is a way.有志者事竟成。
Put it where you found it.把它放在原來的地方。
where 在地點狀語從句中，除指地點外，還可指處境等。
如：He said he was happy where he was.他說他對自己的處境很滿意。
It's your fault that she is where she is.她今天落到這個地步都怪你。
⒉ wherever引導的地點狀語從句wherever=no matter where後者只能放句首。從屬連詞wherever“在（或到）……的各個地方”
如：You can go wherever(anywhere)you like these day.這些天你可以去你想去的地方。
Where(no matter where)they went the experts were warmly welcomed.專家每到一處，都受到熱烈的歡迎。
Sit down wherever you like.你喜歡坐哪兒就坐哪兒（wherever 不可以換成no matter where）
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原因狀語從句
⒈ because引導的原因狀語從句
通常用於回答why引出的疑問句，語氣最強，該從句一般位於主句後面。
如：I didn't go abrord with her because I couldn't afford it.我沒有和她一起出國是因為費用太高。
Don't scamp your work because you are pressed for time.不要因為時間倉促而馬馬虎虎。
⒉ as引導的原因狀語從句
as 引導的原因狀語從句多位於主句之前，通常可以和since換用。
如：As I didn't know the way, l asked a policeman.我不認識路，因而問警察。
As it is snowing we shall not climb the mountain.由於在下雪，我們不去爬山了。
⒊ since引導的原因狀語從句
since 引導的原因狀語從句多位於主句之前，通常可以和as換用。與as用法一樣
如：Since traveling by air is much faster,they decided to take a plane.既然乘飛機旅行快得多，他們就決定坐飛機。
Since you won't help me,I'll ask someone else.你既然不幫我，那我就請別人幫忙。
⒋ now（that）引導的原因狀語從句，now(that)“既然”
如：Now(that) you have passed your test you can drive on your own.你既已考試合格，就可以獨自開車了。
⒌ seeing（that）引導的原因狀語從句
Seeing(that)“鑑於；由於”，通常用於非正式文體。
如：Seeing(that) the weather is bad, we'll stay at home.天氣不好，我們還是呆在家裡吧。
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結果狀語從句
⒈so tha引導的結果狀語從句
① so that引導的結果狀語從句只能位於主句之後，so that引導什麼從句根據句意來判斷
如：Suddenly it began to rain heaily, so that it was almost impossible to carry on driving.突然下起了大雨，幾乎無法繼續開車。
Linda phoned me in on arrival so that I know she was safe and sound.琳達到達後給我打了電話，因而我知道她平安無事。
② so…that引導的結果狀語從句
so…that“如此……以致”，that 可以省略，so後面接形容詞或副詞。
如：She spoke so fast that nobody could catch what she was saying.她說話如此之快竟沒有人聽出來她在講什麼。
There is so little time left that I have to tell you about it latter.現在剩下的時間不多了，我只好以後再給你講這件事。
③ such…that引導的結果狀語從句
引導結果狀語從句的such…that的具體內容是：such+a/an+形容詞+名詞+that從句；such+a/an+形容詞+單數名詞+that=so+形容詞+a/an+單數名詞+that從句。
如：The professor told us such a funny story that all the students laughed.
(=The professor told us so funny a story that all the students laughed.)教授講了個很有趣的故事，（以致於）所有的學生都笑了起來。
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目的狀語從句
⒈ in order that導的目的狀語從句
in order that 為了；以便”。多用於正式文體，通常可以與so that換用。
如：they stopped at Hangzhou in order that they could go around West Lake.他們在杭州停了下來，以便遊覽西湖。
The expert spoke slowly in order that everyone should understand.專家講得很慢，以便人人聽得懂。
⒉ so (that)導的目的狀語從句
so that“為了；以便”。so that通常可以與in order that換用，它所引導的目的狀語從句總是放在主句之後，在非正式文體中，常省略that。
如：Speak clearly so that they may understand you.你要講得清楚，他們才聽得懂。
She wanted tea ready at seven so she could be out by eight.她要七點鐘備好茶點，這樣她八點以前就可以出門了。
⒊ in case/for fear(that)引導的目的狀語從句
in case for fear(that)這倆個從屬連詞都表示否定目的，意思是“以免”，“以防”。in case它所引導的從句中的謂語動詞可以是陳述語氣形式，也可以是虛擬語氣形式；for fear(that)引導的從句中的謂語帶有may，might，should 等情態動詞。
如：Take your umbrella in case it rains.帶上你的傘，以防下雨。
He took an umbrella with him for fear that it might rain.他帶了一把傘，以防下雨。
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條件狀語從句
⒈ if引導的條件狀語從句，翻譯成“如果”
如：If I were a bird，l would fly.如果他說了那樣的話，他不可能是說實話。
⒉ unless引導的條件狀語從句
unless 引導的是否定條件狀語從句，在意義上相當於if..not，而且語氣較強，一般不用於虛擬語氣。
如：You'll be late unless you hurry.你會遲到的，如果不趕快的話。
⒊ if only引導的條件狀語從句
ifonly在引導條件狀語從句時意為“只要；如果”。
如：I'll let you use the car if only you keep it in good condition.只要你把車保養好，我就讓你用。
⒋ as/so long as引導的條件狀語從句，as/so long as意為“只要；如果”。
如：As long as it doesn't rain,we can play.只要不下雨我們就能玩。
⒌ provided(that)/providing(that)引導的條件狀語從句,provided(that)/providing(that)意為“如果；只要”。
如：I will aree to go providing(that my expense are paid.)假如為我負擔費用，我就同意去。
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比較狀語從句
⒈ as…as引導的比較狀語從句
as…as 表示同級比較，主句中用形容詞或副詞的原級形式，從句常常為省略句。
如：We were as fortunate as them(they were).我們和他們一樣幸運。
I hope she will make as much progress as you (have done). 我希望她將取得和你同樣的進步。
⒉ not so/as..as引導的比較狀語從句
not so/as..as表示同級比較，主句中用形容詞或副詞的原級形式，從句常常為省略句。如：That's not so/as simple as it sounds.那件事情不像聽起來那麼簡單。
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方式狀語從句
⒈ as引導的方式狀語從句
as 在引導方式狀語從句時意為“以……方式；如同……那樣”，從句有時是省略句。
如：Do as I say.要照我說的做。
I did just as you told me.我正是照你說的辦的。
Air is to man as water is to fish.空氣之於人猶如水之於魚。
⒉ as if/as thougl導的方式狀語從句
as if和as though的用法相同，都作“好像，彷彿”；二者引導的狀語從句往往用虛擬語氣，表示與事實相反。
如：They looked at me as if/as though I were mad.他們瞧著我好像我發瘋了似的。
They look as if/as though they know each other.他們看來好像互相認識。
⒑
讓步狀語從句
⒈ although/though引導的讓步狀語從句
although和though，都作“雖然；儘管”，通常可以換用.
如：Although they have been talking, for a long time,he can not make her believe him.雖然和她談了半天，他還是不能讓她信任自己。
⒉ even if引導的讓步狀語從句
even if“即使，縱然”，從句表示的是尚未發生的動作或存在的情況。
如：Even if I failed again,I will not give up the experiment.即使我再次失敗，我也決不會放棄實驗。
⒊ even though導的讓步狀語從句
even though“雖然，儘管”，通常可以和although/though換用。
如：Even though I didn't understand a work, I kept smiling.即使我一個字也不懂，我還是保持微笑。
Even though you say so l do not believe it.即使你這樣說，我也不信。
⒋ while引導的讓步狀語從句，while“雖然，儘管”
如：While I understand your point of view, I do not share it.我雖瞭解你的觀點，但不敢苟同。
⒌ whatever/no matter what引導的讓步狀語從句
Whatever=no matter what都作“無論什麼”
如：Whatever/No matter what he says，don't go.不管他說什麼，你都不要走。
We are determined to fulfill the task whatever/no matter what happens.不管發生什麼了，我們決心完成任務。
⒍ whichever/no matter which引導的讓步狀語從句
Whichever=no matter which都作“無論哪個”
如：Whichever/No matter which you buy, there is a six-month guarantee.
不論你買哪個，都有六個月的保修期。
Whichever/No matter which of the two men had stolen her purse, Barbara was determined to find them.不管這兩個人是誰偷了她的錢包，芭芭拉決心找到他們。
⒎ whoever/no matter who 引導的讓步狀語從句
Whoever=no matter who都作“無論誰”
如：You can't come in, whoever you are.不管你是誰，都不能進來。
⒏ however/no matter how 引導的讓步狀語從句
However=no matter how都作“無論如何……”
如：However high it maybe it can't reach the sky.它不論有多高，也高不到天上去。
⒐ whenever/no matter when引導的讓步狀語從句
Whenever=no matter when都作“無論何時”
如：Whenever I'm unhappy,he cheers me up.每當我不高興時，他就給我鼓勁兒。
⒑ as引導的讓步狀語從句
as 在引導讓步狀語從句時作“雖然；儘管”和“即使”解，但是它不位於句首，在它前面的可以是形容詞、名詞、副詞等。
如：Strong as you maybe,you cannot lift it.雖然你可能很有力氣，你卻無法把它提起來。
Late as it was,they continued to study.時間儘管不早了，他們仍繼續學習。
★ 定語從句
1
含義
⒈ 定語從句：
在主從複合句中，充當主句的定語成分，用於修飾某一名詞、代詞或名詞短語的從句叫定語從句。定語從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的詞之後。
⒉ 先行詞：
被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。
⒊ 關係詞：
引導定語從句的詞叫關係詞。在定語從句中代替先行詞並充當一定的成分。關係詞有關係代詞和關係副詞。關係代詞有that，which，who,whom,whose等，在從句中作主語、賓語、定語和表語；關係副詞有when,where，why等，時間、地點、原因狀語。
關係詞的選擇由先行詞的意思及先行詞在從句中充當的成分決定。
2
定語從句的結構
3
關係代詞引導的定語從句
⒈ who指人，在定語從句中作主語或賓語（口語或非正式文體中，可省略）。
如：That is the teacher who teaches us physics.
⒉ whom指人，在定語從句中做賓語，可省略。
如：Li Ming is just the boy (whom) I want to see.
⒊ which指物，在定語從句中做主語或賓語，做賓語時常可省略。
如：Football is a game which is liked by most boys.
⒋ that指人時，相當於who或whom；指物時，相當於which。在定語從句中作主語或賓語，作賓語時常可省略。
如：He is the man that/who lives next door.
Where is the man (that/whom) I saw this morning?
The season that/which comes after spring is summer.
The dress (that/which)Ann bought doesn't fit her very well.
⒌ whose指人、物皆可，在定語從句中做定語，表“某某的”。
如：I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country.
常用以下結構來代替：
The house whose windows are broken is empty.
The house the windows of which are broken is empty.
We went to see our teacher whose husband lost his life in the earthquake.=We went to see our teacher,the husband of whom lost his life in the earthquake.
⒍ 限制性定語從句中，當先行詞被such,the same修飾時，關係代詞用as，譯作“像……一樣的人或物”。
如：He wished to be such a man as Lei Feng was.
I've never heard such stories as he tells.
注意：the same.…as和the same...that結構的句意不一樣。
如：This is the same book as I read last week.
This is the same book that I read last week.
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特殊用法
⒈ “介詞+關係代詞”引導的定語從句
關係代詞在從句中作介詞賓語時，可以把介詞放在從句中有關動詞的後面，使關係代詞緊跟它所修飾的先行詞，也可以跟介詞一起放在從句與主句之間，此時，指物只能用which，指人只能用whom，關係代詞是所有格時用whose。
如：The school(which/that)he once studied in is very famous.
The school in which he once studied is very famous.
This is the boy (whom/who/that)I played tennis with yesterday.
=This is the boy with whom I played tennis with yesterday.
① 含有介詞的動詞短語一般不拆開，介詞仍放在短語動詞的後面。
如：look for,look after,take care of 等。
② 介詞的選擇
⑴ 與從句中謂語動詞的搭配相關
如：This is the book on which I spent 10 yuan.
This is the book for which I paid 10 yuan.
⑵ 與先行詞的搭配相關
如：I will never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.
⑶ 與所表達的意義相關
The colorless gas without which we can not live is called oxygen.
③“介詞+關係代詞”前還可有some,any,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each，few等代詞或者數詞，表示先行詞的部分或整體。
如：He loves his parents deeply,both of whom are very kind to him.
⒉ that和which在指物時一般可以互換，但在下列情況中，一般用that而不用which
① 先行詞本身為everything,nothing,something,anything,little,few,much,all,none,some all,the one等不定代詞時
如：Everything that he said was true.
② 先行詞被all,every,any,no,some,few,little,much,the very(恰恰，正好）,the only等修飾時
如：This is the very grammar book(that)I want to buy.
③ 先行詞是序數詞、形容詞最高級或被序數詞、形容詞最高級修飾時
如：This is the best that has been used against pollution.
④ 先行詞被the only,the very,the last修飾時
如：This is the very book that belongs to him.
⑤
先行詞既有人，又有物時如：He mentioned the people and things that he saw in his trip.
⑥ 先行詞前面有who,which等疑問代詞
如：Who is the girl that you spoke to just now?
⑦ 主句是there be結構，修飾其主語的定語從句用that（先行詞為物）
如：There is a book on the desk that belongs to my sister.
⑧ 先行詞在定語從句中做表語，而關係代詞在從句中也做表語時。
如：She is no longer the sweet girl(that)she used to be.
⒊ that和who在指人時一般可以互換，但當先行詞是he,she等人稱代詞，以及one，ones,anybody,anyone,all,none,those等不定代詞時，一般用who,不用that。
如：Those who want to go to the cinema will have to wait at the gate of the school.
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關係副詞引導的定語從句
⒈ when在定語從句中作時間狀語（=in/at/on/during+which)
如：I'll never forget the day when/on which I first met you.
Great changes are taking place in the city where/in which they live.
⒉ where在定語從句中作地點狀語（=in/at/on+which)。
situation（情景），case（實例），point（階段），Internet，stage（階段）等表抽象“地點”的名詞作先行詞時，關係副詞選擇where。
如：The school where/in which my son studies is near a park.
The Internet,where we can search for a large amount of information,has become an indispensable part of many people's life.
⒊ why在定語從句中作原因狀語（=for+which）。
如：There are many reasons why/for which people like traveling.
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限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句
如：The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on.
China is a country which has a long history.
His mother,who loves him very much,is strict with him.
I have been to Hangzhou,which is a very beautiful city.
⒈ 非限制性定語從句引導詞的選擇（不能用that）
① 先行詞指人，在從句中作主語，用who
如：His mother,who loves him very much,is strict with him.
② 先行詞指人，在句中作賓語，用whom
如：His wife,whom you met at my horme,was a teacher.
③ 先行詞指物，在句中作主語或賓語，用which
如：Her house,which was built a hundred years ago,stood still in the earthquake.
④ 先行詞指人或物，在句中作定語，用whose
如：The book,whose cover is red,is mine.
⑤ 先行詞在句中作時間狀語，用when
如：The sports meeting will be put off till next month,when we will have made all the preparations.
⑥ 先行詞在句中作地點狀語，用where
如：The next day we arrived in New York,where we were interviewed on the radio.
⑦ 先行詞作介詞的賓語，介詞+whom/which
如：The girl,with whom he is familiar,is a football player.
The Second World Warin which millions of people were killed,ended in 1945.
⒉ 關係代詞as和which引導的非限制性定語從句
① as和which 都可以在定語從句中做主語或賓語，代表前面整個句子（從句謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數）。
如：He married her,as / which was natural.
He is honest,as/ which we can see.
② as引導的非限制性定語從句可以放在主句之前、主句之後，甚至還可以分割主句，常常有“正如、正像”的含義。which引導的非限制性定語從句，先行詞是整個句子時，只可放在主句之後，意為“這一點”。
如：As is known to all,China is a developing country.
John,as you know,is a famous writer.
He is from the south,as we can see from his accent.
Zhang Hua has been to Paris more than ten times,which I don't believe.
⑴ 當主句和從句之間存在著邏輯上的因果關係時，關係詞往往只用which。
如：Tom was late for school again and again,which made his teacher very angry.
⑵ 若非限制性定語從句中的謂語動詞是be said,be known,be expected,be reported，等結構時，不論是在句首、句中還是句末，都必須as用來引導。
如：We won the game as we expected.
③ 以the way為先行詞的限制性定語從句常由in which或that引導，而且通常可以省略。
如：The way (that/in which)he answered the questions was surprising.
★ 主語從句
1
概念
在複合句中作主語的從句叫主語從句。主語從句通常由從屬連詞that，whether和連接代詞what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及連接副詞how，when，where，why等詞引導。that在句中無詞義，只起連接作用；連接代詞和連接副詞在句中既保留自己的疑問含義、又起連接作用，在從句中充當從句的成分。
如：What he wants to tell us is not clear.
It is known to us how he became a writer.
Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.
2
由that/whether引導的主語從句
⒈ 由連詞that引導的主語從句：引導詞that無含義，在句中不做成分，不可以省。
如：That you will win the medal seems unlikely.
That you are so indifferent bothers me.
That she survived the accident is a miracle.
⒉ 用連詞 whether 引導的主語從句：whether有含義(是否)，在句中不做成分，不可以省。
如：Whether she is coming or not doesn't matter too much.
備註：It doesn't matter if 是固定句型。
3
用連接代詞引導的主語從句
⒈ 在由連接代詞who, whose, whom, which, what, whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever引導的名詞性從句中，其連接代詞在句中起名詞性作用，擔當一定成分，有意義。
如：What you need is more practice?
What I want to know is this?
Whatever we do is to serve the people.
⒉ whatever, whoever, whichever引導的主語從句的區分：
Whatever 相當於anything that , 是 what 的強調形式，表示“無論什麼”。
如：Whatever she does right.
Whoever相當於anyone who,是who 的強調形式，表示“無論誰，任何…的人”。
如：Whoever walks around in such a heavy rain will catch a cold.
Whichever“無論哪個，無論哪些”，既可以指人，也可以指物，可以單獨使用，可以修飾名詞，也可以後跟of短語。
如：Whichever book you borrow doesn't matter to us.
4
用連接副詞引導的名詞性從句
連接副詞when, where, why, how引導的主語從句中，其=連接副詞有含義，在句中作狀語。
如：Where we should leave it is a problem.
When they will come hasn’t been made pubic.
5
it 形式主語的情況
有時為避免句子頭重腳輕，常用形式主語it代替主語從句作形式主語放於句首，而把主語從句置於句末，但是不能代替由what引導的主語從句。主語從句後的謂語動詞一般用單數形式。常用句型如下：
⑴ It + be + 名詞 + that從句
⑵ It + be + 形容詞 + that從句
⑶ It + be + 動詞的過去分詞 + that從句
⑷ It + 不及物動詞 + that 從句
另注意在主語從句中用來表示驚奇、不相信、惋惜、理應如此等語氣時，謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣“(should) +do”，常用的句型有：
It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that…
It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that…
It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that…
★ 表語從句
1
概念
在複合句中作表語的從句叫表語從句。引導表語從句的關聯詞與引導主語從句的關聯詞大致一樣，表語從句位於連繫動詞後，
一般結構是“主語+連繫動詞+表語從句”。可以接表語從句的連繫動詞有：be, look, remain, seem等。注意：關聯詞不能省略，並且從句用陳述語序。如：The fact is that we have lost the game.
That is why he didn't come to the meeting.
2
特殊之處
需要注意的，當主語是reason時，表語從句要用that引導而不是because。但是reason 後面的定語從句可以用why 或that引導。
如：The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning .
3
在名詞性從句中that與what的區別
⒈ that在名詞性從句中不充當句子成分，只起連接作用，沒有意義，不能省略（在賓語從句中能省略）。
如：That they are good at English is known to us all.
The problem is that we don't have enough money.
⒉ what在名詞性從句中充當句子成分，起連接作用，有意義，不能省略。what可以分解成定語從句中的先行詞 + 關係代詞+ that。理解為雙重身份。
如：Do what he says.
What (=The thing that) he said was true.
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