An equally remarkable consequence of relativity is the way it has revolutionized our ideas of space and time. In Newton’s theory, if a pulse of light is sent from one place to another, different observers would agree on the time that the journey took (since time is absolute), but will not always agree on how far the light traveled (since space is not absolute). Since the speed of the light is just the distance it has traveled divided by the time it has taken, different observers would measure different speeds for the light. In relativity, on the other hand, all observers must agree on how fast light travels. They still, however, do not agree on the distance the light has traveled, so they must therefore now also disagree over the time it has taken. (The time taken is the distance the light has traveled -which the observers do not agree on - divided by the light’s speed - which they do agree on.) In other words, the theory of relativity put an end to the idea of absolute time! It appeared that each observer must have his own measure of time, as recorded by a clock carried with him, and that identical clocks carried by different observers would not necessarily agree.
Each observer could use radar to say where and when an event took place by sending out a pulse of light or radio waves. Part of the pulse is reflected back at the event and the observer measures the time at which he receives the echo. The time of the event is then said to be the time halfway between when the pulse was sent and the time when the reflection was received back: the distance of the event is half the time taken for this round trip, multiplied by the speed of light. (An event, in this sense, is something that takes place at a single point in space, at a specified point in time.) This idea is shown in Fig. 2.1, which is an example of a space-time diagram. Using this procedure, observers who are moving relative to each other will assign different times and positions to the same event. No particular observer’s measurements are any more correct than any other observer’s, but all the measurements are related. Any observer can work out precisely what time and position any other observer will assign to an event, provided he knows the other observer’s relative velocity.
Pulse 脉冲
相对论的一个同等卓越的成果是，它变革了我们对空间和时间的观念。在牛顿理论中，如果有一光脉冲从一处发到另一处，（由于时间是绝对的）不同的观测者对这个过程所花的时间不会有异议，但是他们不会在光走过的距离这一点上取得一致的意见（因为空间不是绝对的）。由于光速等于这距离除以所花的时间，不同的观察者就测量到不同的光速。另一方面，在相对论中，所有的观察者必须在光是以多快的速度运动上取得一致意见。然而，他们在光走过多远的距离上不能取得一致意见。所以现在他们对光要花多少时间上也不会取得一致意见。（无论如何，光所花的时间正是用光速——这一点所有的观察者都是一致的——去除光所走的距离——这一点对他们来说是不一致的。）总之，相对论终结了绝对时间的观念！这样，每个观察者都有以自己所携带的钟测量的时间，而不同观察者携带的同样的钟的读数不必要一致。
图2.1 时间用垂直坐标测量，离开观察者的距离用水平坐标测量。观察者在空间和时间里的途径用左边的垂线表示。到事件去和从事件来的光线的途径用对角线表示。
每个观察者都可以用雷达去发出光脉冲或无线电波来测定一个事件在何处何时发生。脉冲的一部分由事件反射回来后，观察者可在他接收到回波时测量时间。事件的时间可认为是发出脉冲和脉冲反射回来被接收的两个时刻的中点；而事件的距离可取这来回过程时间的一半乘以光速。（在这意义上，一个事件是发生在指定空间的一点以及指定时间的一点的某件事。）这个意思已显示在图2.1上。这是时空图的一个例子。利用这个步骤，作相互运动的观察者对同一事件可赋予不同的时间和位置。没有一个特别的观察者的测量比任何其他人更正确，但所有这些测量都是相关的。只要一个观察者知道其他人的相对速度，他就能准确算出其他人该赋予同一事件的时间和位置。
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