翻译 | 沈笑煜
Thursday, March 26，2020
By Aimee Lewis, CNN
It was meant to be the first Games to be held beyond Europe and North America, a spectacle to showcase to the world that Tokyo had overcome the earthquake that had devastated the city some years earlier. But the 1940 Olympics was the Games that never was.
那本应是首次在欧洲与北美以外的地区举办奥运会，届时东京将向世界展示其已然从数年前一场使其元气大伤的地震中振作起来，重焕生机。但1940年奥运会未能如人所愿。
No-one aged under 80 had ever lived through a time when the Olympics was postponed or canceled until Tuesday's announcement that Tokyo 2020, originally scheduled to start this July, will now be held next year.
80岁以下的人原本从未经历过奥运会推迟或取消的时刻，但直到本周二宣布原定于今年7月开始的2020年东京奥运会将于明年举行，他们第二次见证了延期的历史重现。
As a pandemic takes hold of the world and the International Olympic Committee and Tokyo 2020 organizers grapple with the complicated logistics involved in holding the greatest show on earth later than planned, a look at the past throws up some uncanny similarities between now and what has been described by some as the Lost Games of 1940.
随着一场流行病席卷全球，国际奥林匹克委员会（以下简称奥委会）和2020年东京奥运会承办方面临着这场延期举行的世界体坛盛会所需复杂物流的挑战。回顾过往，不难发现当前情势与一些人所言“败局”——日本弃办的1940年奥运会之间有一些不可思议的相似之处。
At a Christmas party in Tokyo, on the right is a large cake withthe inscription 1940 XII Olympiad Tokyo to celebrate the upcoming Olympics inJapan. Sueddeutsche Zeitung photo/Alamy Stock Photo
在东京的一个圣诞派对上，右侧大蛋糕上写着“1940年第十二届东京奥林匹克运动会”，以庆祝即将到来的日本奥运会。南德报纸（Sueddeutsche Zeitungphoto）/阿拉米图库（Alamy Stock Photo）（资料图）
Before the 2020 Olympics was postponed, sport's biggest extravaganza has been called off three times in modern history, all in wartime, and the last time being the year Tokyo was supposed to be the host city.
在2020年奥运会延期之前，现代历史上最隆重的体育盛会曾因战争取消过三次，最后一次是东京本应成为主办城市的那一年（1940年）。
It was the success of Japan's athletes at the 1932 Olympics in Los Angeles and international criticism of the country's invasion of Manchuria in 1931, as the Japanese empire continued to expand into China, which helped persuade the country's government to fully support an Olympic bid, something which had previously been the preserve of elite cities in the west.
基于日本运动员在1932年洛杉矶奥运会的精彩表现，以及日本帝国加快向中国扩张的步伐，于1931年入侵满洲而遭到国际社会批评，日本政府决定全力支持申办奥运会工作。此前申奥曾是西方城市的专属。
Japan's male swimmers had dominated in LA and, as David Goldblatt writes in his book "The Games": "The correlation between international prestige and Olympic achievement... made the idea of a Japanese Olympics first plausible, then desirable and, finally, an essential element of foreign policy."
日本男子游泳运动员曾在洛杉矶奥运会中大放异彩，正如大卫·戈德布拉特(David Goldblatt)在《奥运会》(The Games)一书中所述：“国际声望与奥运成就之间的紧密联系……致使日本举办奥运会的想法最初看似可行，继而可取，最终成为对外政策中极其重要的组成部分。”
Just as the 2020 Olympics were billed as the "Recovery Olympics" nine years after the Fukushima disaster, Nagata Hidejiro, the mayor of Tokyo, had first announced in 1930 a bid for the 1940 Games, envisioning the Olympics as a way of aiding the city's recovery from the earthquake of 1923, which had destroyed much of the metropolitan region.
正如2020年东京奥运会被称为福岛灾难（2011年福岛核泄漏重大事故）时隔9年后“助力城市复兴的奥运”，1930年东京市长长田英治（Nagata Hidejiro）宣布申办1940年奥运会，其基本设想是，举办奥运会能帮助东京从1923年大地震中恢复生机——那次地震对东京大部分地区造成严重破坏。
Yasuji Myiazaki of Japan on his way to a gold medal in the 100mfreestyle swimming event at the 1932 Los Angeles Olympics. The 15-year-old seta new Olympic record of 58.0 seconds in the semi-final. (Photo byKeystone/Getty images) Keystone/Hulton Archive/Getty images
1932年洛杉矶奥运会上，日本选手Yasuji Myiazaki在100米自由泳比赛中获得金牌。这位15岁的少年在半决赛中以58.0秒的成绩刷新该项目奥运纪录。(图片来源：Keystone/HultonArchive/Getty images)
An Olympics in Tokyo in 1940 would also coincide with the 2,600th anniversary ofEmperor Jimmu's mythical accession and the foundation of the nation. Goldblatt described it as the "perfect notion around which to build support for a Japanese Olympics in an increasingly nationalist culture."
1940年东京奥运会原定与神武天皇登基、日本建国2600周年庆典同时举行。戈德布拉特（Goldblatt）将其描述为“在民族主义日益高涨的文化背景下，为日本举办奥运会提供支持的完美精神信念”。
In the 1930s, Japan had Olympic pedigree. In 1912, it had become the first non-European/American country to participate in the Olympics and, significantly, also had delegates on the International Olympic Committee (IOC).
日本奥运渊源可追溯到上世纪30年代之前。1912年，它成为第一个参加奥林匹克运动会的非欧洲/美洲国家，更重要的是，国际奥委会（IOC）有它的代表。
"Japan had been agitating to hold the Games in the early 1930s," William Kelly, Sumitomo Professor of Japanese Studies at Yale University, tells CNN.
“日本在20世纪30年代初，一直在鼓动举办奥运会。” 长期从事日本研究的耶鲁大学住友名誉教授威廉·凯利(William Kelly)告诉CNN。
The Japanese athletic delegation marches during the opening ceremony of the 1912 Olympics Games in Stocholm, Sweden, which marked Japan's first Olympic appearence. The sign holder was marathon runner Shiso Kanaguri (R front). (Photo by Kyodo NewsStill via Getty images) Kyodo News/Getty Images
上图是日本体育代表团在1912年瑞典首都斯德哥尔摩奥运会开幕式上的游行场景，标志着日本首次现身现代奥运会。右前方举旗手是马拉松运动员Shiso Kanaguri。（照片由共同社提供，由盖蒂图片社提供）
Judo pioneer and IOC member Baron Jigoro Kano is widely believed to have played a major role in Japan's bid, giving a keynote speech to the IOC at the end of the 1932 Games.
现代柔道先驱、国际奥委会委员嘉纳治五郎被认为在日本申奥过程中发挥了重要作用，他在1932年奥运会闭幕时向国际奥委会发表了主旨演讲。
In this context, the 1940 Olympics was "instrumental in legitimizing the IOC rhetoric that the Olympic movement was universal," writes Dr. Sandra Collins in her book "The 1940 Tokyo Games: The Missing Olympics."
在该背景下，1940年奥运会“有助于使国际奥委会关于奥林匹克运动具有普遍性的言论合法化”，桑德拉·柯林斯博士（Dr. Sandra Collins）在她的书《1940年东京奥运会：擦肩而过的奥运会》中如是写道。
While liberals had visions of a global festival, Japan's government saw the benefits of hosting the Olympics differently, as an opportunity to influence a world dominated by the west.
自由主义者将举办奥运视作一次国际活动，日本政府则认为，承办奥运会将是影响由西方主导世界局面的契机。
In the first half of the century, the country was committed to maintaining and strengthening its position as its region's lead and during the Great Depression there was a growing belief that Japan would solve its economic problems through military conquests.
在20世纪上半叶，日本致力于巩固区域地位，并加强其作为东亚领导者的角色。在“经济大萧条”期间，越来越多的人相信日本将通过军事征服来解决其经济问题。
But Tokyo was not guaranteed to win the race to host in 1940. Rome and Helsinki were the city's main rivals, with the Italian capital regarded the favorite.
但东京不能保证赢得1940年奥运的主办权。罗马和赫尔辛基是东京的主要竞争城市，意大利首都罗马被认为是最受欢迎的。
So in 1935, Japan's IOC member Sugimura Yataro traveled to Italy to visit the fascist dictator Benito Mussolini to ask Rome to withdraw its bid.
因此，1935年，日本国际奥委会委员杉村雅太郎前往意大利，拜访法西斯独裁者贝尼托·墨索里尼(Benito Mussolini)，要求罗马撤回申奥举办1940年奥运会的申请。
In the you-scratch-my-back kind of deal that has become the norm in international sports politics,Mussolini announced with usual candour, 'We will waive our claim for 1940 in favour of Japan if Japan will support Italy's effort to get the XIII the Olympiad for Rome in 1944," writes Goldblatt.
戈德布拉特（Goldblatt）写道：“在 ‘今日你帮我忙，明日我就助你一臂之力’的交易在国际体育政治成为常态时，墨索里尼一如既往地坦率宣布，‘如果日本支持意大利争取1944年在罗马举办第十三届奥运会，我们将放弃1940年对日本提议的索赔’。”
Benito Mussolini withdrew Rome's bid for the 1940 Games. Courtesy of Alamy
贝尼托·墨索里尼取消罗马1940年申奥计划。阿拉米图库提供
During the conclusion of the 1936 Olympics, the Ga-mes that had been the Nazi power show, the IOC awarded 1940 to Tokyo, with the Japanese capital receiving 37 votes to Helsinki's 26. Four years after Nazi Germany had hosted the Olympics, Japan—a country already regarded as an imperial aggressor—was set to also have its time in the sporting limelight.
1936年柏林奥运会是纳粹笼罩下集权主义形式美的集中表现。柏林奥运会结束时，国际奥委会将1940年夏季奥运会主办权授予了东京——日本首都东京获得37票，芬兰首都赫尔辛基获得26票。在纳粹德国主办奥运会四年后，日本——一个已被视为帝国侵略者的国家——也将成为世界体坛的焦点。
And in 1938, a year after Japan had invaded China, the IOC awarded the Winter Olympics to the Japanese city of Sapporo.
1938年，即日本全面入侵中国一年后，国际奥委会（IOC）将冬奥会举办权授予日本城市札幌。
(L to R) Sliver medalist Jack Medica of the United States, gold medalist Noboru Teada of Japanand bronze medalist Shumpei Uto of Japan pose on the podium during the medalceremony for Swimming Men's 1,500m Freestyle during the Berlin Olympic at Swimming Stadium on August 15, 1936 in Berlin, Germany. (Photo by The Asahi Shimbun via Getty Images) The Asahi Shimbun/Getty
这是1936年8月15日，在德国柏林某游泳馆举行的柏林奥运会男子1500米自由泳颁奖仪式。领奖台上从左往右依次是美国银牌获得者杰克·梅尔卡（Jack Medica）、日本金牌获得者诺博鲁·泰达（Noboru Teada）和日本铜牌获得者熊皮·乌托（Shumpei Uto）。(照片源自《朝日新闻》，通过盖蒂图片社提供)
But that same year, with major countries threatening to boycott as Japan's ferocious destruction of Chinese cities was reported in the American and European press, the Japanese government forfeited the right to host both the Summer and Winter Olympics.
但在同年，欧美媒体报道了日本对中国城市的猛烈破坏。随着世界主要国家抵制日本侵略行为，日本政府失去了主办夏季奥运会和冬季奥运会的权利。
Embroiled in a war with China and knowing a global conflict was on the horizon, the military government passed the National Mobilization Act.
由于卷入了与中国的战争，全球冲突爆发在即，日本军政府通过了《国家动员法》。
"Three months later, with little fanfare, the Japanese pleaded the need for 'the spiritual and material mobilization of Japan' and relinquished the 1940 games," writes Goldblatt.
“三个月后，日本方面低调地要求‘精神物质的全国性动员’，并放弃举办1940年的奥运会。”戈德布拉特这样写道。
"The suspension can't be separated from the 1936 Olympics," reasons Kelly. "The Americans, the British and French started talking about boycotting the 1940 Olympics because they felt they had been badly used by Hitler in staging this enormous propaganda Games so it was really the Berlin Olympics effect that caused the Japanese government to withdraw its bid. Japan knew it would be worse to put on the Games without the major powers."
凯利解释说：“这次停赛与1936年柏林奥运会有莫大关联。由于英美法三国意识到自己被希特勒利用来举办这场声势浩大的具有宣传效益的体育盛会，他们开始考虑抵制1940年东京奥运会。因此，真正导致日本政府撤回申办诉求的是柏林奥运会的影响。日本深知如果没有主要大国参加奥运会，情况会更糟。”
The IOC proceeded to award the 1940 Games to Helsinki, but the Soviet Union's invasion of Finland in November 1939 ended any hope of holding an Olympics that year. Much like in 2020, the IOC held on in hope until succumbing to the inevitable.
国际奥委会随后将1940届奥运会主办权授予芬兰赫尔辛基。但苏联于1939年11月入侵芬兰，致使当年举办奥运会的希望化为泡影。与2020年一样，国际奥委会抱着希望一直坚持（不延期），但最终屈服于避无可避的世界性事件。
Tokyo's preparation for the 1940 Games had been "quite considerable," says Kelly, with significant economic investment made on infrastructure projects, such as transportation, sanitation and the building of hotels.
凯利说，东京为举办1940年奥运会所作准备“相当充分”，在交通、卫生和酒店建设等基础设施项目上开展了高额的经济投资。
"The local businesses that had been persuaded to invest heavily in facilities, in providing goods and services for the Games found themselves without a prospective customer base, so the business community was upset in Tokyo but this was at a time when you could not really express anger at the government," explains Kelly, arguing the country suffered more politically than economically in 1940.
凯利认为日本在1940年遭受的政治损失远大于经济损失：“政府说服当地企业大力投资各项基础设施建设，为奥运会提供商品和服务。到头来这些企业却发现自己不具备被承诺的未来潜在客户群，因此整个东京商界倍感不安。但值此特殊时期，他们无法表达对政府决策的愤怒。”
"You're not able to use the largest mega event in the world in order to demonstrate to the rest of the world what a great country you are," he adds.
“不能以世界上规模最大的活动来向世界展示自己是一个多么伟大的国家。”凯利补充道。
As the impact of postponing Tokyo 2020 is calculated, it's worth remembering that the Olympics in the 1920s and 1930s were a different animal to the billion-dollar movement we are familiar with today.
在估量2020年东京奥运会延期所带来的影响时，我们有必要注意，上世纪二三十年代的奥运会与今天所熟悉的投资数十亿美元的奥运会完全是两码事。
A general view of the 1940 Tokyo Olympic Organising Committee meeting, when the forfeiture of the1940 Tokyo Olympic was decided, at Mantesu Kaikan, on July 16, 1938 in Tokyo, Japan. (Photo by the Asahi Shimbun via Getty images) The Asahi Shimbun/GettyImages
1938年7月16日，在日本东京举行的1940年东京奥运会组委会会议上，决定取消1940年东京奥运会主办权。(照片源自《朝日新闻》，由盖蒂图片社提供)
David Wallechinsky, president of the International Society of Olympic Historians (ISOH), tells CNN Sport: "There wasn't this huge emphasis that this is it, this is the Olympics. "
国际奥林匹克史学家协会（ISOH）主席大卫·瓦勒钦斯基（David Wallechinsky）告知CNN体育频道：“不必这样特别强调（投资金额），但这就是它，这就是奥运会。”
"In '48 when the Games came back after 12 years people were just happy to have it happen at all. Of course, the introduction of the television, when people could watch it live, or at least follow a daily report, in the '60s, it was a whole other deal. "
“在1948年，人们很高兴看到奥运会时隔12年后再次举办。当然，随着60年代电视技术高速发展与电视机批量生产，人们可以选择现场观看比赛，或者至少可以（通过电视）跟进每日赛事报道，这是完全不同的情形了。”
"By the time you got to 1968 you only had to follow what happened to the non-violent the protestof Tommie Smith and John Carlos to see that there was international interest in the Olympics."
“回望1968年墨西哥城奥运会，不会不注意到托米•史密斯（Tommie Smith）和约翰•卡洛斯（John Carlos）的非暴力抗议种族歧视。对奥运会的关注乃是国际性的。”
Whenever an Olympics is held, there seems to be a crisis. In 2012 there were security issues, in 2016 it was the Zika virus. Now in 2020 it's the coronavirus.
无论何时举办奥运会，似乎都会出现危机。2012年是安全问题（伦敦奥运会期间网络安全威胁提升），2016年是寨卡病毒（里约奥运会前巴西大范围内寨卡病毒肆虐）。到了2020年，是新型冠状病毒。
Last week, Japan's deputy prime minister even went as far as to tell a parliamentary committee last week that Tokyo 2020 was "cursed," arguing that the Olympics is stopped by extraordinary world events every 40 years.
上周，日本副首相甚至向一个议会委员会表示，2020年东京奥运会是“被诅咒的”，每40年就会有一些非同寻常的世界事件致使奥运会未能如期举行。
The Olympic movement has survived much: the boycotts of 1980 and 1984, the tragedies of Munich 1972 and Atlanta 1996, but in the last 100 years the world has not experienced something like the coronavirus pandemic.
即便在1980年莫斯科、1984年洛杉矶举办奥运会时遭受诸多国家联合抵制，1972年慕尼黑（恐袭惨案）和1996年亚特兰大（奥运公园爆炸）的悲剧，奥林匹克运动还是每隔四年地继续开展着。在过去的100年里，全世界从未经历过像新型冠状病毒这样的重大公共卫生事件。
“We [the media], in the run up to the Olympics are alwayslooking for the negativebecause that's a good story," says Wallechinsky.
国际奥林匹克史学家协会（ISOH）主席大卫·瓦勒钦斯基（David Wallechinsky）说：“我们（媒体）在奥运会前夕总是在寻找负面因素，因为这是一件值得关注、值得谈论的事。”
"To tell people in 2012 that everything in London is going great, that's not a good story. Even the best organized Olympics, like Sydney in 2000, there's always these negative stories in advance and whenever I've spoken to people in organizing committees I've warned them about this -- it's not you, it's us -- but sometimes these warnings are real and in this case they are.”
“若在2012年，告诉人们伦敦的一切进展顺利，这并不是一件令人放心的好事。即使是组织得最好的奥运会，比如2000年的悉尼奥运会，也总会在事前出现负面报道。每当我和组委会的人交谈时，我都会提醒他们这一点——不仅关乎个体，更是关乎所有人——有时类似警告（负面报道）预示了（奥运期间）可能发生的真实问题，比如上述事例中它们确实发生了。”
部分图片来源于Getty Image
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