虛擬語氣
虛擬語氣表示動作或狀態不是客觀存在的事實，而是說話人的主觀願望、假設或推測等。
- If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一隻小鳥，我就能在空中飛行。
- I wish it were spring all the year round.但願四季如春。
- May good luck be yours!祝你好運！
條件句中的虛擬語氣
英語中條件從句有兩類，一類是真實條件句，另一類是非真實條件句。如果假設的情況可能發生，是真實條件句；如果假設的情況是不存在的或不大可能發生的，則是虛擬條件句。
A．真實條件句
真實條件句表示的假設是可能發生或實現的，主句和從句的謂語動詞都要用陳述語氣。
- If he doesn't come at 8, we won't wait for him.如果他八點不來，我們就不等他了。
- If a flood happened in the past, there was usually a great loss of life and property. 過去發生洪水的話，常有很大的生命和財產損失。
- We shall go there unless it rains tomorrow.如果明天不下雨，我們將去那裡。
- I'll let you use my bike on condition that you keep it clean.如果你能保持車子乾淨，我就讓你用我的自行車。
B．非真實條件句
在含有非真實條件句的複合句中，主句和從句的謂語動詞都要用虛擬語氣，其構成有三種形式：
與現在事實相反 if條件句的謂語：were did
主句的謂：would (couldshouldmight) + do
與過去事實相反 if條件句的謂語：had done
主句的謂：would(couldshouldmight) + have done
與將來事實相反 if條件句的謂語：didwere
主句的謂：should do would (couldshouldmight) + do were to do
1．表示與現在事實相反的條件
條件從句用動詞的過去式（be動詞用were），主句用should（第一人稱）或would（全部人稱）+動詞原形。可用情態動詞could, might代替should, would表示情態。
- If it were Sunday tomorrow, I would go and see my friends.明天要是星期天的話，我就去看望我的朋友。
- If I were you, I should go and try.我要是你，我就去試試。
- If wishes were horses, beggars might ride.
如果幻想能成為馬匹，叫花子都有了坐騎 - I would go if they treated me like a slave.要是他們把我當奴隸對待，我就走。
2．表示與過去事實相反的條件
條件從句用動詞的過去完成時，主句用should（第一人稱）或would（全部人稱）+have done，也可用could, might代替should, would。
- If I had known your telephone number yesterday, I would have telephoned you.如果昨天我知道你的電話號碼，我就給你打電話了。
- If it had not rained this morning, I should have gone shopping.今天早上要是沒下雨，我就去買東西了。
- The flood might have caused great damages to the people if we had not built so many reservoirs.倘若我們沒有修建這麼多的水庫，洪水就會使人民遭受巨大的損失。
3．表示在將來不太可能實現的條件
表示在將來不太可能實現的條件從句有三種形式：
①were、did
條件從句用動詞的過去式（be動詞用were），主句用should（第一人稱）或would（全部人稱）+動詞原形。也可用could, might代替should, would。
- If he were here tomorrow, I would speak to him.明天如果他在這裡的話，我就和他談談。
- If you dropped the glass, it would break.你要是把杯子掉下來，會打碎的。
- If she had time, she could help me.她要是有時間，就會幫我了。
②should do
條件從句中不管什麼人稱都用should do，可表示有偶然實現的可能性。
- If it should rain, the crops could be saved.假如下雨，莊稼可能就有救了。
- We would trust him if he should be honest.如果他真是誠實的，那我們就相信他。
③were to do
條件從句用were + to do。這種形式比較正式，常出現在書面語中，其假設成份很大，實現的可能性很小。
- If I were to do the work, I should do it in a different way.要是我做這項工作，我就會以不同的方式去做。
- If the headmaster were to come, what would we say to him假如校長來了，我們對他說什麼呢？
對比：將來不太可能實現的三種非真實條件句中的虛擬語氣對比
- If it snowed tomorrow, I would stay at home.如果明天下雪的話，我就留在家裡。
- （常用形式）
- If it should snow tomorrow, I would stay at home.如果明天下雪的話，我就留在家裡。
- （可能性較小）
- If it were to snow tomorrow, I would stay at home.如果明天要下雪的話，我就留在家裡。（可能性最小）
C．省略if的條件句
在書面語中，非真實條件句中有were, had, should時，可以省略if，而把were, had, should放在主語前，用倒裝結構。
- Were it necessary, I might go without delay.如果需要的話，我可以立即去。（= If it were necessary......）
- Had you taken my advice, you wouldn't have failed in the exam.你要是聽了我的建議，就不會考試不及格了。（= If you had taken my advice......）
- Should I have time, I would call on her.要是有時間，我就去看她。（= If I should have time......）
D．錯綜條件句
虛擬條件句中的主句和從句涉及的動作發生的時間不一致，這時主句和從句的謂語形式應按照各自動作發生的實際時間來表達。
- If you hadn't watched TV yesterday, you wouldn't be so sleepy now.如果你昨天不看電視，你現在也就不會這麼困了。（從句yesterday說明過去，主句now說明現在）
- If they had left home early this morning, they would arrive in half an hour.如果他們今天一早就離開家的話，再過半小時他們就該到了。（從句說明過去，主句說明將來。）
- If you hesitated this moment, you might suffer in the future.如果你此刻猶豫不決，你將來會吃苦頭的。（從句說明現在，主句說明將來）
注意：在很多情況下，我們也可以用was來代替當主語是第一人稱或第三人稱單數時的were。
If were here tomorrow...
也可以說成：If he was here tomorrow...
I wish I were a bird.
也可以說成：I sish I was a bird.
但倒裝句型中的were不可被was來替換。
- Were I in your position,I would not do it.如果我處在你的位置，我是不會幹這件事的。
E．含蓄條件句
非真實條件句中的條件從句有時不表達出來，只暗含在上下文中，這種句子叫做含蓄條件句。含蓄條件句大體有三種情況：
1．條件暗含在短語中
- He would not get such a result without your help.沒有你的幫助，他就不會有今天的成果。(條件暗含在介詞短語without your help中)
- But for you, I could not be recovered so soon.要不是有你，我就不會恢復得這麼快。(條件暗含在But for you中)
- This same thing, happening in the past, would lead to a disaster. 同樣的事，如發生在過去，就會釀成大禍。(條件暗含在分詞短語happening in the past中)
- He must have been there, or he never could know the place so well. 他一定是去過那兒，否則他絕不會對那個地方如此熟悉。(暗含條件是連詞or)
2．條件可根據上下文推理出
- It would do you no good.這可能會對你沒好處。(條件可能是if you should give up the job如果你放棄這項工作的話)
- They could have won. 他們本來是會贏的。(條件可能是if they had been patient如果他們有耐心的話)
- Such mistakes could have been avoided.這種錯誤完全能避免。（條件可能是if you had been more careful如果你更加小心一點的話）
- Why didn't you tell me about it I should have helped you.為什麼你不告訴我？我會幫助你的。（條件可能是if you had told me about it如果你當時告訴我的話）
- --- Did you go to see him yesterday你昨天去看他了嗎？
- --- I would have, but someone dropped over to my house for a visit.原想去的，但有人到我家來玩了。（條件是if no one had dropped over to my house for a visit如果沒人到我家來玩的話）
3．條件用其他形式來表示
- She was ill, otherwise she would have been present at the meeting.她病了，否則的話就會出席會議了。（條件通過連詞otherwiseor表示出來If she had not been ill...）
- I told him to go there himself, but perhaps I should have gone together with him.我讓他自己去那裡，但也許我應該和他一道去。（連詞but暗示條件）
- Suppose you were in my shoes, what would you do假若你站在我的立場上，你會怎麼辦？（用supposesupposingproviding等詞表示if）
- To talk with her, you would know she could not hear well.如果你同她交談，你就會知道她的聽力不好。（動詞不定式帶有假設的意思，相當於If you should talk with her...）
- Left to himself, he could not have finished the work.要是放任他的話，他是不可能完成工作的。（動詞的-ed形式表示條件If he had been left to himself...）
提示：
在很多情況下，虛擬式已變成習慣說法，很難找出其暗含的條件。
- You wouldn't know. 你不會知道。
- I would like to go with you. 我願意和你一起去。
三、虛擬語氣在各種從句中的用法
虛擬語氣除主要用於非真實條件句外，還可用在部分主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句、定語從句和狀語從句之中。
A．名詞性從句中的虛擬語氣
主句中的動詞、名詞、形容詞如表示要求、建議、命令或願望等含義，與其相關的名詞性從句（主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句）中的謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣。
1．主語從句中的虛擬語氣
主語從句通常用於“It is +形容詞名詞動詞的-ed形式+ that ...”結構。主語從句中是否用虛擬語氣取決於所用的形容詞或動詞的-ed形式，其謂語動詞常用“should +動詞原形”（美國英語常省略should，只用動詞原形）。
①表示建議或命令
- It is important that we (should) work out a study plan.重要的是我們要制訂出一個學習計劃。
- It will be better that we (should) meet some other time.最好我們在另一個時間見面。
- It is suggested that each student (should) sing a song in English.有人建議每個學生都要唱一首英文歌曲。
- It is demanded that he should leave at once.要求他立刻離開。
②表示驚訝
- It is strange that he should have failed to see his own shortcomings.真奇怪他竟看不到自己的缺點。
- It is a pityshame that I should be at school instead of lying here in hospital.真可惜，我應當在學校而不是躺在醫院裡。
- It is natural that you should forget it first.你起先記不住是很自然的。
必背：
常見的要接含有虛擬語氣主語從句的詞
- 形容詞：important, necessary, urgent, essential, vital, natural, strange, proper等
- 動詞的-ed形式：arranged, suggested, ordered, required, desired, demanded, proposed等
It is necessary that the program (should) be loaded into the computer.有必要把程序輸入電腦。
It is strange that he should have learned so much in such a short time.很奇怪他竟然在如此短的時間內學了那麼多的東西。
It is desired that we (should) get everything ready by tonight.希望一切在今晚前準備就緒。
2．賓語從句
虛擬語氣常用在表示要求、建議、命令或願望的動詞後的賓語從句中。
常見的賓語從句中需用“should+動詞原形”的動詞有：
一個堅持：insist
兩個命令：order,command
三個建議：suggest,advise,propose
四個要求：demand,require,ask,desire
①在suggest（建議）, order(命令), propose(建議), insist（堅持要做）, command (命令)，request（要求），advise（建議）等動詞後的賓語從句中，謂語動詞用should +動詞原形（美國英語常省略should）。
The examination instructor asked that the students (should) not use a calculator.考官要求學生不要使用計算器。
The workers demanded that their wages (should) be raised by 10 percent.工人們要求增加百分之十的工資。
They requested that he (should) sing a song.他們要求他唱一首歌。
比較：
動詞suggest和insist後面的賓語從句，應根據不同情況選用陳述語氣或虛擬語氣。
suggest作“建議”解時，用虛擬語氣，作“使想起、暗示”解時，用陳述語氣。
His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision.他的沉默暗示他贊同我的決定。（暗示）
He suggested that I (should) stick to my decision.他建議我堅持自己的決定。（建議）
insist作“堅決要求”解時，用虛擬語氣，作“堅持認為”解時，用陳述語氣。
He insists that doing morning exercises does good to people's health.他堅持認為做早操對健康有益。（強調）
He insists that he (should) do morning exercises every day.他堅持每天都要做早操。（要求）
②在動詞wish後的賓語從句中用虛擬語氣，表示不可能實現的願望。
一般過去時weredid 表示目前不可能實現的願望
I wish I were a bird.但願我是一隻小鳥。
I wish I knew the answer.我要是知道答案就好了。
過去完成時 had done 表示過去不可能實現的願望
I wish she had taken my advice.那時她要是接受我的建議就好了。
I wish that I had seen her yesterday.真希望我昨天見過她。
過去將來時wouldcould do表示將來沒有把握或不可能實現的願望
I wish you would stay an hour longer.我希望你再呆一個小時。
I wish it could stop raining.但願雨能停。
提示：
由於wish和hope的漢語意思差不多，在使用上往往容易出錯。wish一般表示“希望”、“但願”，表示不可能實現的願望，後接從句時要用虛擬語氣；hope表示“希望”，指可以實現的希望，後接從句時用陳述語氣。
The students hope that their football team will win the game.學生們希望他們的足球隊獲勝。（可能實現）
I wish I could see him now.我希望現在就能看到他。（不可能實現）
3．表語從句和同位語從句中的虛擬語氣
在表示建議、勸告、命令等含義的名詞後的表語從句和同位語從句中，謂語動詞要用“should +動詞原形”結構。
My advice is that you (should) practise speaking English as often as possible.我的建議是你儘可能經常地練習說英語。
The demand is that the composition (should) be written on one side only.按照要求作文必須單面謄寫。
It is my desire that all the members of the family (should) gather once a year.我的願望是所有家庭成員一年團圓一次。
The suggestion that education (should) be reformed is reasonable.教育要改革的建議是合理的。
必背：
表示建議、勸告、命令等含義的名詞常見的有
advice 建議
demand 要求
desire 願望
decision決定
idea 意見
motion 提議
order命令
proposal提議
requirement 要求
request 請求
regulation規章
suggestion 建議
B．狀語從句中的虛擬語氣
①方式狀語從句
由as if或as though引導的狀語從句可以用陳述語氣表示可能符合事實的情況，也可以用虛擬語氣表示與事實不符或與事實相反的情況。
a.表示與現在事實不相符，用一般過去時
The teacher treats the pupil as if he were her own child.這位老師對待這位學生就像自己的親生孩子一樣。（這位學生並不是她的親生孩子）
b.表示與過去事實不相符，用過去完成時
I felt as though we had known each other for years.我感覺我們好像認識多年了。（其實並沒有認識多年）
c.表示與將來事實不相符，用wouldmightcould
It looks as if it might rain.天看上去好像要下雨。（不大可能下雨）
對比：
He looks as if he is young.看樣子他好像很年輕。（他就是年輕）
He looks as if he were young.看樣子他好像很年輕。（實際上他不年輕）
②目的狀語從句
a.由in case, lest, for fear that引導的目的狀語從句，動詞用“should +動詞原形”結構，表示憂慮或目的。
Please remind me of it again tomorrow in case I (should) forget.請你明天再提醒我這件事，以免我忘記。
She emphasized it again and again, lest he (should) forget.她一再強調這一點免得他忘記。
We had a meeting and talked the matter over face to face for fear that there
should be any misunderstanding.
我們開了一個會，面對面談了這件事，以免發生任何誤會.
b.在in order that和so that引導的目的狀語從句中，往往用can(could)或may(might)。
I shall write down your telephone number so that I may not forget.我要把你的電話號碼記下來，以免忘記。
They worked harder than usual in order that they could finish the work ahead of time.為了能提前完成工作，他們比往常更加努力。
We will tell you the truth so that you can judge for yourself.我把真實情況告訴你，使你能自己作出判斷。
③讓步狀語從句
讓步狀語從句指事實時，從句謂語動詞用陳述語氣。若從句內容表示現在和將來的假設情況，從句謂語動詞用虛擬語氣。
Though he (should) fail, there would still be hope.即使他失敗了，仍有一線希望。
I should say the same thing even if he were here.即使他在這裡，我還是要這麼說。
Whether he (should) succeed or fail, we shall have to do our part.不管他成功還是失敗，我們還是要做好自己的事。
However hard it might rain rains, we shall go there together.不管雨下得多麼大，今晚我們還是要去那裡。
No matter what his social position (might) be, a man is equal in the eye of the law.一個人不論其社會地位如何，在法律面前都是平等的。
C．定語從句中的虛擬語氣
在It is (high) time (that) ...結構中，定語從句的謂語動詞用過去式，表示“到某人該做某事的時間了”。
It is time that the children went to bed.到孩子們睡覺的時間了。
It is high time that we began the meeting.正是我們開會的時間了。
四、其他句型中的虛擬語氣
A．If only......
If only位於句首引起的感嘆句用虛擬語氣，動詞用一般過去時表示目前的願望，用過去完成時表示過去的願望，用would或could表示將來。
- If only he knew the answer.他要是知道答案就好了。（用過去時表示現在）
- If only I could speak several foreign languages！我要是能講幾種外語就好了！（用wouldcould表示將來）
- If only you had told me the truth before. 要是你以前告訴我真相就好了。（用過去完成時表示過去）
- 注意：if only和wish的用法相同，表示的意願也基本相同。
If only it would rain.但願天能下點兒雨！= How I wish it would rain.
If only I had known her earlier!要是我早點兒認識她就好了！= I wish I had known her earlier.
B．would rather
would rather, would prefer, would sooner等後接從句，表示“寧願”，動詞用過去時表示當時和將來的情況，用過去完成時表示過去的情況。
- I would rather you left today.我寧可你今天走。
- I would prefer he didn't stay here too long.我倒希望他不要在這兒呆得太久。
- I would rather I hadn't seen that film yesterday.我寧願昨天沒有看那場電影。
提示：
would rather主要有兩種用法。
1．後接不帶to的不定式
- I'd rather play tennis than swim.我寧願打網球，也不願游泳。
- I'd rather not go to the movies.我寧願不去看電影。
- Which would you rather have, tea or coffee你喜歡喝茶，還是咖啡
2．後接不用連詞的that從句
I'd rather you went home now.我希望你現在就回家。
I would rather my daughter attended a public school.我希望我的女兒能上公立學校。
C．表示願望的感嘆句
在表示祝願的感嘆句中，用動詞原形，表示願望。
Long live the People's Republic of China!中華人民共和國萬歲！
May you be happy!祝您快樂！
God bless you!上帝保佑你！
Success attend you!祝你成功！
The Lord save us!願主救我們！
D．情態動詞用於虛擬語氣
部分情態動詞的過去形式（could, might, should, would），可以用於非真實條件句以及其他結構中表示虛擬語氣。
1．表示想像或猜測
If I could speak French, I would teach you.如果我會說法語，我就能教你。（我不會，所以不能教你）
If you phoned him right now, you might get the matter settled.如果你現在給他打電話，你就可以把問題解決了。
There could be something wrong with the tape recorder.這臺錄音機可能出毛病了。
He might have said so.他可能這樣說過。
Could he have done such a foolish thing他會做這樣的傻事嗎？
2．表示委婉或客氣
虛擬語氣（could, would, might +動詞原形）可使說話者的口氣變得委婉客氣。
You could answer this email for me.你可以替我回這個電子郵件。
Could you leave me your telephone number and address你能將電話號碼和地址留給我嗎？
Would you mind opening the window勞駕把窗子打開，好嗎？
You might as well put off the discussion till next week.你們不妨把討論推遲到下個星期。
比較：
would lide to do
願意，想要
would lide to have done
本來想
I would like (to have) a word with you.我想和你談一談。(現在想)
I would like to have talked with you.我原本想和你談一談的。（沒有談成）
3．表示惋惜或責備
Given more time, we could have done better.如果給我們更多時間，我們能夠幹得更好些。（我們並沒有得到更多的時間）
You could have got up a little earlier！你完全可以早點兒起來！（實際上沒有早起）
It was cold yesterday. I should have worn a heavy coat.昨天很冷，我該穿件厚外套的。（但我沒穿）
This wall shouldn't have been pained blue.這牆不應該漆成藍色。（但已漆了）
提示：
當代英語一個顯著的變化就是虛擬語氣的使用越來越少，許多該用虛擬語氣的地方都用陳述語氣代替。
He suggested that I went to the hospital at once.他建議我們立刻去醫院。（原應用should go）
We shall write down the address lest we forget.我們要把地址記下來，以免忘記。（原應用should forget）
Imagine you are an astronaut.設想你是個宇航員。（原應用were）
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